基于7P视角对新能源汽车营销策略分析
摘要:鉴于可再生能源发电日益增多,电动汽车有望显著减少道路运输排放。虽然技术问题越来越被克服,但经济可行性和可能的采用仍然受到限制,主要原因是价格高于传统车辆。以受过高等教育的意大利消费者为样本,以年龄为变量对消费者对替代燃料汽车态度的影响,从而确定了与替代燃料车辆相关的主要问题,并提出了克服这些问题的措施。插电式混合动力电动汽车(PHEV)显示出减少温室气体(GHG)排放、提高燃油效率以及提供不受电池容量限制的行驶里程的潜力。然而,如果消费者不采用这种新技术,这些好处将无法实现。通过研究发现,财务和电池相关问题仍然是PHEV市场广泛渗透的主要障碍。通过与潜在的瑞士电动汽车使用者进行在线研究,采用了两种实证方法:一种是研究基本捆绑类型对电动汽车购买意愿的影响的受试者间设计实验,另一种是确定各个客户群体首选捆绑类型的选择实验。结果,捆绑电动汽车和充电服务增加了之前对电动汽车知之甚少的受访者的电动汽车购买意愿。对于新能源汽车企业,可以根据从其最初的资源禀赋和社会网络中获得的资源来识别制度机会,然后将其资源捆绑起来利用机会,并最终塑造制度环境,进而开拓市场。
关键词:新能源汽车; 影响因素; 捆绑销售;营销环境
引用文献一:
电动汽车的新车市场对燃料车的替代潜力
原文作者:Alexander Kihmn, Stefan Trommer
单位Institute of Transport Research, DLR German Aerospace Center, Rutherfordstr. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
我们的模型是基于对两个国家旅行调查的分解处理。它将家庭和公司当前的汽车购买行为、可用产量和每个地区当前的汽车销售信息与技术发展和客户行为情景相结合。其结果是一幅地理扩散路线图,显示了德国每个地区5年内的电动汽车销量以及车队和里程构成。有了这些信息,温室气体和空气污染物排放的减少潜力就可以根据所更换的传统汽车的里程计算出来。描述模型的组成部分。在我们看来,插电式混合动力汽车或纯电动汽车技术只会影响驾驶系统,而不会影响整辆车本身的概念,比如车身类型、座椅配置和其他可能的创新领域。与离散的汽车拥有率选择模型相反,我们假设拥有的汽车数量以及它们的体型、设备和驾驶员队伍是一个固定的偏好。
相反,我们在旅行调查中确定新车购买者(即在过去三年内购买了新车),并为他们提供两种替代的驾驶系统(PHEV)和(BEV),以满足他们想要的车型。这项提议不应被理解为实际的调查问题,而应被理解为旅行调查中所观察到的对实际决定的备选办法进行基于费用的假设比较的基础。我们承认,这种方法排除了一些重要因素,如经济发展,或社会趋势,但我们有意将我们的模型的范围限制在确定的成本-效率计算,以比较司机列车类型,而不是估计整个汽车拥有量。我们对这些替代方案的看法可以被理解为驱动列车的额外功能,它会带来更高的投资,但每英里成本更低。如果该投资的净现值(NPV)与当前选择的传统驱动列车相比是正的,那么购买者就会选择另一种方案。为了获得尽可能精确的净现值估计,我们将各种因素进行了详细的考虑。在下文中,我们将在详细计算NPV之前概述影响NPV的因素。一方面,有一笔初始投资用于驱动列车电气化。其规模主要取决于电池成本,但也取决于电动发动机和控制电子设备的成本以及补贴。我们进一步整合了一个场景参数来反映消费者可能的环保行为。另一方面,我们通过年度固定成本和每英里成本来表示运行成本和节省的成本。第一类包括流通税、折旧和车辆到电网活动的收入;第二,主要是节省燃料成本(取决于插电式混合动力车的电动里程份额,但也有机械磨损成本和基于里程的折旧差异。
外文文献出处:Energy Policy 73 (2014) 147–157
引用文献二:
年龄对于意大利消费者对替代燃料汽车态度的影响
原文作者:Kostas Andriosopoulosaa, Simona Bigernabb, Carlo Andrea Bollinobb, Silvia Michelib
单位:
a ESCP Europe Business School, 527 Finchley Road, London NW3 7BG, United Kingdom
b Department of Economics, University of Perugia, via Pascoli 20, 06123 Perugia, Italy
我们的论文通过在意大利佩鲁贾大学的大学生和教师中进行调查,分析了年龄对消费者对替代燃料汽车态度的影响。研究结果为了解年龄差异对AFV购买决策过程的影响提供了有益的见解。
AFV被认为是减少石油依赖和二氧化碳排放的最具潜力的替代技术之一。此外,电动汽车的尾气排放为零,因此可以显著改善城市空气质量。电力可以由任何一种主要能源产生,包括生物质能、风能和太阳能,这为打破石油和运输之间的联系提供了机会。结果表明,在样本中,虽然AFV是一个技术性很强的问题,但对其认识仍然不够充分。大多数答复者认为,AFV可能有助于缓解气候变化和减少石油的使用。大多数受访者认为,AFV的加油成本较低,但资本支出成本很高。消费者在做出绿色选择时所面临的担忧和困难与年龄差异有关。从我们的描述性分析可以看出,首先,推广AFV的信息活动应该以学生为目标,以提高他们参与与交通相关的可持续发展问题。事实上,根据我们的结果,教师们对AFV更了解,也更感兴趣。其次,政策制定者需要改善监管,加强部署和传播这些技术所需的基础设施。更好地理解不同年龄对态度过程的影响,对于在不同消费者中设计更有效的私人和公共替代燃料汽车发展战略至关重要。例如,教师比学生更重视缓解气候变化和减少石油消耗。这可能意味着,教师表现出更高程度的意识和责任,为子孙后代提供一个更美好的世界。本文的讨论绝不是详尽无遗的,也不能推广到整个社会,当然还有其他对年龄和消费态度有潜在兴趣的领域,比如调查文化对与年龄相关的消费态度变化的影响,以及纳入受教育程度较低的人。对与年龄相关的对替代燃料汽车的态度的进一步研究将增加对态度过程如何在整个寿命期内改善的文献见解。
外文文献出处:Renewable Energy 119(2018),299-308
引用文献三:
加速电动汽车采用的产品捆绑:对瑞士客户的混合方法实证分析
原文作者:Jana Plananska*, Karoline Gamma
单位: University of St.Gallen, Institute for Economy and the Environment, Muuml;ller-Friedberg-Strasse 6/8, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
电动汽车的普及速度正在加快。了解哪些因素决定了第一批创新采用者的电动汽车购买,我们现在需要了解目前进入市场的更广泛的客户群体的偏好。将电动汽车与附加服务捆绑在一起是促进后者采用电动汽车的一种策略。早期研究表明,这种营销策略具有提高电动汽车客户接受度的潜力。然而,他们通常不经验地测试已确定的包;迄今为止,还没有调查分析在实践中最普遍应用的捆绑——电动汽车和充电服务的影响。我们通过与潜在的瑞士电动汽车使用者进行在线研究,解决了这一差距,并为学术界创造了相关见解。
我们采用了两种实证方法:一种是主体间设计实验,研究了基本捆绑类型对电动车购买意愿的影响;另一种是选择实验,研究了个人消费者群体的偏好捆绑类型。研究发现,电动汽车与充电服务捆绑增加了对电动汽车了解较少的受访者购买电动汽车的意愿。选择实验确定了三个客户群体,我们将其命名为面向技术的采用者、面向便利的采用者和可能的非采用者。它们在重要性得分和附加到单个属性级别和一般首选项的部分价值实用程序上有所不同。基于这些结果,我们提出了政策和实践建议,以促进和利用捆绑,以促进电动汽车购买的后群体,并提出了进一步研究的途径。
外文文献出处:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 154 (2022) 111760
引用文献四:
插电式混合动力电动汽车消费者调查分析
原文作者:Joseph S. Krupaa,, Donna M. Rizzoa, Margaret J. Eppsteinb, D. Brad Lanutec, Diann E. Gaalemad, Kiran Lakkarajue, Christina E. Warrendere
单位:
a School of Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
bDepartment of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
cSchool of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
dDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
eSandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
在最近的综述中,Al-Alawi和Bradley(2013)强烈建议,需要在消费者调查和电动汽车采用建模之间建立更大的联系。本手稿中进行和报道的PHEV调查正是为了做到这一点。调查问题措辞谨慎,分别量化了消费者对插电式混合动力车技术、有限的插电式混合动力车可用性、促进插电式混合动力车采用的潜在激励因素,以及消费者愿意为更省油的汽车预先支付的金额。我们分析了各种因素与PHEV态度之间的分布和相互关系,并开发了一个7变量logistic模型,在预测受访者是否“肯定”或“不会”考虑购买一辆紧凑型PHEV时,测试数据显示只有20%的分类错误。
尽管如此,制造商和决策者必须面对这些不确定性做出决定;模型可以是有用的决策支持工具,如果充分基于数据,如果不确定性被量化。调查结果和分析也直接为汽车制造商、营销人员和政策制定者提供了有价值的信息,以促进PHEV的采用。例如,我们发现86%的消费者认为在考虑购买紧凑型PHEV时,潜在的燃料成本节约很重要,而只有55.1%的消费者认为减少温室气体排放很重要。我们的结果还显示,最关心能源独立和气候变化的人愿意考虑购买紧凑型插电式混合动力汽车的几率分别是最不关心的人的71.2倍和44.4倍。政治观点较左倾的消费者明显更有可能考虑购买紧凑型插电式混合动力车。此外,28%的受访者表示,他们肯定会考虑购买紧凑型PHEV,他们也表示,为了每年节省500美元的燃料成本,平均只愿意多花1858美元。然而,结合联邦和州的退税(每个州最高可达7500美元)以及制造商的退税(2013年Volt的退税为3000至4000美元)等现有的财政激励措施,确实使Volt的前期成本进入了许多消费者自我报告愿意支付的范围。我们的研究结果强调了税收激励和制造商回扣对于促进PHEV早期采用的重要性,并建议提高消费者对这些预先激励的意识(例如,通过广告或公共服务公告)的影响可能比提高人们对未来因燃料和其他运营成本减少而节省的意识更大,因为消费者报告未来节省的燃料相对于标价有大幅折扣。当储蓄以美元而不是加仑计算时,报告的延迟折扣最为明显;调查参与者估计,如果把节省的加仑数设定为节省的加仑数,而不是节省的美元数,未来节省的费用将高出25%左右。不管这是由于汽油价格会上涨的假设,还是由于无法进行理性的财务分析,还是由于认识到减少汽油消费对环境的好处,这都表明,如果以加仑为单位来节省费用,广告可能更有说服力。
我们的结果也支持这样一种观点,即针对左倾和关注环境的消费者的营销活动可能比针对更普通的受众的营销活动更有效。发表这项调查和分析的一个主要原因是,让其他研究人员和利益相关者可以随时获得这些数据,他们需要用数据为他们的假设和决定奠定基础。
外文文献出处:Transportation Research Part A 64 (2014) 14–31
引用文献五:
创业行为的特征及其影响因素:新兴经济体新能源汽车行业的新国有企业案例
原文作者 :Li Caia, Xiuqing Pengb, Ling Wanga
单位:aSchool of Management, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, Jilin, China
bSchool of Economics and Management, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 0
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基于7P视角对新能源汽车营销策略分析
摘要:Given the growing use of renewable energy to generate electricity, electric vehicles are expected to significantly reduce road transport emissions. Although technical problems are increasingly being overcome, economic feasibility and possible adoption remain limited, mainly due to the higher price than conventional vehicles. Based on the influence of age on consumers attitudes towards alternative fuel vehicles, this paper identifies the main problems related to alternative fuel vehicles and proposes measures to overcome these problems. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) show the potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, improve fuel efficiency, and provide range that is not limited by battery capacity. However, these benefits will not be realized if consumers do not adopt this new technology. The study found that financial and battery-related issues remain major barriers to widespread penetration of the PHEV market. Through online research with potential Swiss EV users, two empirical methods were used: a design experiment between subjects to study the effect of basic tie-in types on ev purchase intention, and a selection experiment to determine preferred tie-in types for each customer group. As a result, bundling electric vehicles and charging services increased willingness to buy electric vehicles among respondents who previously had little knowledge of electric vehicles. For new energy vehicle enterprises, institutional opportunities can be identified according to the resources obtained from their initial resource endowment and social network, and then their resources can be bundled together to take advantage of opportunities, and finally shape the institutional environment to expand the market.
关键词:New energy vehicles; Influence factor; Bundle sales;Marketing environment
引用文献一:
The new car market for electric vehicles and the potential
for fuel substitution
Keywords: Electric vehicles, Fuel substitution, Total cost of ownership
Our model is based on a disaggregate processing of two national travel surveys. It combines information about current vehicle buying behavior of households and companies, available production volumes and current automobile sales per area with scenarios of technology development and customer behavior. The result is a geographic diffusion road map showing EV sales as well as fleet and mileage compositions for every German district in five-year steps. With this information, the reduction potential for greenhouse gases and air pollutant emissions can be calculated based on the replaced conventional car mileage.Fig. 1depicts the components of the model. In our approach the PHEV or BEV technology only impacts the driver train, not the whole vehiclersquo;s concept in itself, i.e. the body type, the seat configuration and other areas of possible innovation. Contrarily to discrete choice models of car ownership, we assume a fixed preference for the number of cars owned as well as their body types, equipment and driver trains. Instead, we identify new car buyers in the travel surveys (i.e. having bought a new car in the last three years) and offer them two alternative driver trains (PHEV and BEV) for their desired car type. This offering is not to be understood as actual survey questions, but as a fundament for a hypothetical cost-based comparison of alternatives to the actual decision, which was observed in the travel surveys. We acknowledge that this approach excludes several important factors like economic development (e.g. GDP) or societal trends, but we intentionally want to limit the scope of our model to deterministic cost-efficiency calculations for the comparison of driver train types, not to estimate car ownership as a whole. Our perspective on these alternatives can be best understood as extra features of the driver train, causing higher investment but lower cost per mile. The purchaser chooses an alternative if the net present value (NPV) of the investment is positive compared to its currently chosen conventional driver train. In order to derive NPV estimates being as exact as possible, we take into account various factors in large detail.In the following, we will provide an overview of the factors influencing the NPV before detailing their calculation. On one hand, there is an initial investment for the driver train electrification. Its magnitude depends mostly on battery cost but also on the cost of electrical engines and control electronics as well as subsidies. We further integrate a scenario parameter to reflect possible eco-friendly behavior of consumers. On the other hand, we represent running cost and savings through two components, annual fixed cost and per-mile cost. The first consist of circulation taxes, depreciation and revenues from vehicle-to-grid activity; the second are mostly fuel cost savings (depending on the share of electric mileage in case of PHEVs) but also differences in mechanical wear-off cost and mileage-based depreciation.
引用文献二:
The impact of age on Italian consumers attitude toward alternative fuel vehicles
Keywords: Alternative fuel vehicles, Consumers attitudes, Age differences
Our paper analysed the impact of age on consumers attitudes towards alternative fuel vehicles by conducting a survey within university students and faculty members of the University of Perugia, Italy. The findings provide useful insights into the effects of age differences on AFV purchasing decision-making process.
AFVs are recognised as one of the most promising alternative technologies for reducing petroleum dependency and carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, EVs produce zero emissions from the tailpipe and therefore could significantly contribute to improved urban a
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