基于低碳经济的农产品冷链物流流程再造研究外文翻译资料

Process Reengineering of Cold Chain Logistics of

Agricultural Products Based on Low-carbon Economy

Abstract Through the process analysis of cold chain logistics of agricultural products，we find that cold chain logistics of agricultural products contradict the development model of low-carbon economy to some extent． We apply the development idea of low-carbon economy，introduce the third-party logistics companies，establish distribution center of cold chain logistics of agricultural products，and strengthen information sharing，to reengineer the process of cold chain logistics of agricultural products in China． The results show that applying low-carbon economy to process reengineering of cold chain logistics of agricultural products，has advantages of increasing added value of products，promoting scale merit and abating lag，plays a role in promoting emission reduction，high efficiency and environmental protection in the process of cold chain logistics of agricultural products in China．

Key words Low carbon economy，Business process reengineering，Agricultural products，Cold chain logistics

The cold chain logistics of agricultural products is one sub-system of logistics system on the basis of refrigeration technology，and one systematic project that vegetables，fruits，meat and so on are always under low temperature stipulated in production，transportation，storage，sale and other links，in order to ensure the quality and performance of agricultural products．The cold chain of agricultural products has high requirement on temperature and timeliness，with perishability and other features． The key of its management is to emphasize more on seamless connection in whole logistics process in terms of the control over cold environment of the entire chain．

With peoples growing demand for a variety of fresh agricultural products，the cold chain of agricultural products in China develops by leaps and bounds，and in the mean time，also brings tremendous pressure and challenges to logistics distribution，therefore，the cold chain logistics further draws much attention．Compared with developed countries，the cold chain logistics of agricultural products in China is still in its infancy． As the process of cold chain logistics in China is not smooth，the loss rate of agricultural products in plucking，transportation，storage and other logistics links is 25% to 30% .' Low-carbon economy' refers to the economy with the lowest carbon emissions, environmental costs and socio-economic costs in the process of economic development． It is a kind of economy that can improve self-regulation ability of earth ecosystems with strong sustainability． How to make the logistics transform from ' big energy consumer' to ' low-carbon industry' has captured much attention of enterprises．The cold chain is regarded as one of services with the highest energy consumption and carbon emission in logistics industry，thereby how to make the cold chain adapt to low-carbon requirement of economic development is a question worthy of serious exploration．

The cold chain logistics of agricultural products is an important part of Chinas agricultural development，the rationality of whose process will be an important factor in the process of agricultural development in China． In order to reduce the cost of cold chain logistics of agricultural products and rapidly promote the competitiveness of Chinas agricultural products in the international market，we analyze the process of the cold chain logistics of agricultural products in China and reengineer such process using the idea of development of low-carbon economy，to achieve seamless connection between various logistics links．

1The status quo and problems of the cold chain logistics process of agricultural products in China

• 1. The status quo of logistics process The cold chain facilities of cold chain logistics and equipments of cold chain logistics in China are short，and it has not formed complete coldchain logistics system． The third-party coldchain logistics develops slowly． Chinas agricultural products have not yet formed the cold chain logistics chain from farm to fork，still at the low level of long time，considerable losses，low efficiency，and poor efficiency，and the phenomenon of ' broken chain' in logistics process is serious，which are the major factors influencing the development of the cold chain logistics of agricultural products in China ( Fig． 1) ．

1.2 The problems in service process First，we use ABC analysis method to analyze the existing process． ABC ( Activity Based Costing) is a method of calculating costs with activity as unit． In the business activities，not all activities can create value，and this method is used to identify whether the operation is value-added operation or non value-added operation． Table 1 is the analysis of cold chain logistics process of agricultural products in China using ABC analysis method．

Through analysis，we can know that the process of cold chain logistics of agricultural products in China is still traditional logistics model，and under this model，there are many circulation links of agricultural products，with serious waste． Based on the idea of low-carbon economy，we analyze the problems in the process of cold chain logistics of agricultural products as follows．

First，there is phenomenon of diseconomy in the link of refrigerated transport． The enterprises are responsible for distribution of almost all agricultural products． The cold chain logistics system is still in the phase of ' warehousing' and ' transport' ，which will definitely lead to the situation of high cold chain logistics costs and low level of service． Consequently，the cold chain logistics of agricultural products in China is in urgent need of the third-party logistics companies that can provide

'one-stop' cold chain logistics services of agricultural products throughout the country，and outsource the o

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基于低碳经济的农产品冷链物流流程再造研究

摘要;通过对农产品冷链物流进行流程分析，发现我国农产品冷链物流与低碳经济发展模式产生了一定的矛盾。应用低碳经济的发展思路，引入第三方物流企业、建立农产品冷链物流配送中心并加强信息共享，对我国的农产品冷链物流流程进行了再造。结果表明，低碳经济应用于农产品冷链物流流程再造，具有提高产品的附加值、提高规模效益和降低滞后等优势，对我国农产品冷链物流过程中的减排、高效、环保起到了促进作用。

关键词;低碳经济; 业务流程再造; 农产品; 冷链物流

农产品冷链物流是物流系统的一个子系统，以冷冻冷藏技术为基础，泛指蔬菜、水果、肉类等在生产、运输、贮藏、销售的各个环节中始终处于规定的低温环境下，以保证农产品质量和性能的一项系统工程。冷链农产品对于温度和对时效性的要求较高，具有易腐坏等特性，其管理的关键在对整个链条中冷环境的控制上，更加强调在整个物流过程中都的无缝衔接。

随着人们对各种新鲜农产品需求的日益增加，我国冷链农产品得以快速发展，同时也给物流配送业面带来了巨大的压力和挑战，冷链物流被进一步重视。与发达国家相比，我国农产品冷链物流仍处于起步阶段。由于我国冷链物流流程不畅，农产品在采摘、运输、储存等物流环节的损失率在

25%-30%。“低碳经济”指在经济发展过程中的碳排放量、生态环境代价及社会经济成本最低的经济，是一种能够改善地球生态系统自我调节能力的可持续性很强的经济。如何让物流从“能耗大户”走向“低碳产业”已经成为业界关注的热点。而冷链作为物流行业中耗能和碳排放最高的业务之一，如何让冷链适应经济发展的低碳要求，是一个值得认真探索的问题。

农产品冷链物流作为我国农业发展的重要环节，其流程的合理性将会成为我国农业发展过程中的重要因素。为降低农产品冷链物流成本，迅速提升我国农产品在国际市场上的竞争力，笔者应用低碳经济的发展思路对我国农产品冷链物流流程进行分析和重新规划，以实现各个物流环节之间的无缝连接。

1 我国农产品冷链物流流程现状与问题

1.1 物流流程现状

我国冷链物流的冷链设施和冷链物流装备不足，没有形成完整的冷链物流体系，第三方冷链物流发展速度缓慢。我国农产品尚未形成从田间到餐桌的冷链物流链条，物流流程中断链现象严重，处于时间长、消耗大、效率低、效益差的低层次上，这是影响我国农产品冷链物流发展的主要因素( 如图1) 。

1.2业务流程存在的问题

首先，应用ABC 分析法对现有流程进行分析。ABC( Activity Based Costing) 是一种以活动为单位进行成本计算的方法，企业的经营活动中并非所有的活动都能产生价值，该方法就是用来辨别作业是增值作业还是非增值作业。表1 为应用ABC 法对我国农产品冷链物流流程图进行流程分析的过程。通过分析可知，我国农产品冷链物流流程仍为传统的物流模式，在这种模式下，农产品流通环节多，浪费严重，结合低碳经济的思想分析农产品冷链物流流程存在问题如下: 表1 农产品冷链物流流程分析

（1）冷藏运输环节存在不经济现象。几乎所有的农产品的配送均由企业自行负责，冷链物流系统仍处于“仓储”及“运输”阶段，必然会造成冷链物流成本高、服务水平低的局面。因此，我国农产品冷链物流迫切需要能提供全国范围内农产品冷链“一站式”物流服务的第三方物流企业，并将原有配送服务外包。

（2）农产品冷链物流缺乏上下游的整体规划和整合。我国农户生产分散且缺乏合作意识，供应链合作能力低下。同时，我国农产品冷链物流的组织化程度不高，在经营中大多被动地等待市场的反应，不能起到为生产“领航”的作用，更难以形成合作联盟。这些都说明了我国农产品冷链物流市场发育还不够完善，缺乏供应链上下游之间的整体规划和协调，加上农民粗放式、小规模的生产方式，农村冷链物流基本处于自发和无序状态。造成冷链物流发展不均衡、资源浪费等现象。

（3） 农产品冷链物流流程不合理。我国农产品冷链物流目前主要采用“批发商—零售商—消费者”的模式，流通节点多，在运输过程中增加了转运、倒车的次数，造成了相当一部分冷链农产品的损失。同时，因为增加了流通环节，进而增加了物流成本，导致能源消耗增大，排放的二氧化碳也更多，与低碳经济相悖。

（4） 农产品冷链物流各个环节信息传递不畅。库存、装卸、运输等信息不透明，造成冷链农产品在配送、运输途中发生无谓耽搁，从而导致配送环节复杂和物流成本增加。

2 应用低碳经济的思路设计新流程

2． 1 新流程的设计

在农产品冷链物流流程过程中，如何减少冷链物流领域的碳排放是非常重要的。应通过优化我国农产品冷链物流的流程进行制度创新和发展模式创新，尽可能地减少冷链农产品等高碳能源消耗，减少温室气体排放，达到经济社会发展与生态环境保护的双赢。通过以上分析，我国农产品冷链物流应用低碳经济的思想再造后的流程见图2。

2． 2 新流程的优势优化后的农产品冷链物流流程将培育和引进一批经济实力强、管理理念先进及具有可持续发展能力的大型第三方冷链物流企业。专业的冷链物流公司应该具有从田间到超市的农产品冷链物流管理能力，其中包括能进行温控的运输、贮存、门到门的服务。由于冷链物流的低温特点，物流企业单独建立冷链物流配送中心，投资成本高且回收期长，而第三方冷链物流业可以联合建立冷链物流配送中心，实现冷链物流业的共同配送。同时，借助信息系统，能够使农产品从生产到销售的信息共享程度大大地提高。农产品冷链物流新流程将在以下方面会取得较好的经济效益。

（1） 在农产品冷链物流流程再造中，通过引入第三方物流企业来整合冷链流程，以第三方物流的规模效益充分利用社会资源来降低物流成本，可使冷链与现代化大市场、大流通对接，提供从农户到销售的一体化冷链物流服务。而物流企业作为流通主体，可以提供加工包装等增值服务，提高产品的附加值，实现冷链食品的“产、供、销”一体化，使农户、第三方物流企业以及超市、门店三方共同得利，并使农产品冷链流程得到有效地整合。

（2） 通过建设冷链物流配送中心，实施共同配送能够提高车辆装载运输的效率，提升冷链商业物流环境，形成规模化效应。

（3） 通过建立农产品冷链物流信息系统，科研实现供应链信息一体化，做到上下游企业信息共享。同时，冷链的物流信息系统还可以为冷链有关方面提供准确的市场动态和信息沟通，发挥市场导向作用，使物流的流程变得更加透明、合理，降低滞后现象。

3 结论

研究表明，将低碳经济的思想应用到农产品冷链物流流程的再造中是可行的。由于我国农产品冷链物流流程存在的诸多方面的问题，农产品冷链物流流程的合理与否将会直接影响农产品的成本。基于低碳经济的思想对农产品冷链物流流程进行重构，对冷链农产品物流过程中的减排、高效、环保意义重大。

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