全站仪在房屋建筑测量中的应用分析外文翻译资料

Application of total station instrument in measuring in housing construction

Abstract: Application of total station instrument in measuring in housing construction, puts forward some matters needing attention in the use of total station instrument.

Keywords: Total station, housing construction, construction surveying, application

With the development of science and technology, human labor is not only fast in the breadth and depth of development, and more concise and efficient. The emergence of optical rangefinder to greatly improve the measurement range and measurement speed, electronic theodolite appear not only makes the measuring accuracy is improved, the visualization is brought great convenience for measurement, electronic total station is set distance, angle, measuring height and automatic data processing of intelligent instruments in one, widely used in construction survey of high-level, large-scale housing construction.

A. Total station.

The total station instrument, namely the total station electronic tacheometer. Is a set of light, machine, electricity as one of the high-tech measuring instruments, is the set of horizontal angle, vertical angle, distance (distance, horizontal distance), height measurement functions in one instrument of Surveying and mapping system. The total station instrument has the advantages of high measuring precision, instrument integration, automation and intelligent degree and other advantages, has been widely used in various engineering in construction survey. Total station 3D coordinate measuring system is composed of electronic measurement, electronic distance measuring, computing and data storage unit, the measurement results can be displayed automatically, and multifunctional measuring instrument and equipment trade places. Because the total station electronic tacheometer is perfect to achieve electronic and integration of measurement and process, so people also often referred to as the total station electronic tacheometer or total station.

B. Characteristics of two, the total station instrument

1, Total station with its own data processing system, as long as a sighting reflecting prism; can quickly detect horizontal angle, vertical angle and slant range, automatically calculate the coordinates and elevation measurement, and can record the measurement and calculation of data.

2, Through standard communication interface of total station instrument host, can realize data communication electronic total station and computer or other peripheral devices, which makes the measurement data acquisition, management, calculation and drawing form a perfect automatic measurement system.The measurement and calculation to control total station

3, With total station instrument microprocessor, can realize the meteorological correction, traverse, ago, resection, detail survey and construction lofting calculation task. And because the calculation is done automatically by the total station; i.e. line process is not at all affected by man-made factors.

4, The total station instrument can automatically read distance value, as long as the erecting prism alignment of total station total station instrument lens, we can read the measured distance, and can automatically calculate the theoretical data, with distance automatic and fast characteristics.

5, In the use of coordinate, the angle difference and setting-out length will be shown on the instrument screen, operation is very convenient, especially in leveling, total station a station can complete the traditional level 10 station and 50 station work, than 'traditional measuring instruments' can save 2/3 time, manpower can be saved 1/2.

C. Application of three, the total station instrument in housing construction in the construction survey

1. The composite initial data

The first step is to review the measurement work, city of the proposed building wire around the coordinates and elevation of initial data. At this stage, two test back angle, distance to city traverse points can be a total station instrument, measurement data accuracy can meet the measurement requirements, can be used as reference plane control network layout of the project construction and initial data. Specific methods are as follows:

(1) Two N1, N2 selects the city control network. N1 as the test site and on the erection of total station instrument, the N2 as the goal point, erecting prism in the above.

(2) Of the total station of, leveling, and set the parameters of the instrument.

(3) The instrument sighting direction value is set to zero. Total station for many times ranging and horizontal angle measurement and display its average value according to the requirements of the times.

In general, covers an area of broad, huge amount of city buildings between initial conductor control data of the distance between the two wires, when the distance of 200-300 meters, using common optical instrument to observe the easy to cause the error, if the observation is not only convenient to use total station, and the precision is high.

2. Through the establishment of plane coordinate control

Plane control network is the basis of building location, its principle is the overall local control, high control precision and low accuracy. Coordinate lofting function using the total station instrument can be accurate, convenient location out of plane control network of the whole building, and then encrypted into architectural grid square. The specific methods are as follows:

(1)Aaccording to the construction drawings, calculate the coordinates of the control points and other points to be lofting.

(2) Two city control network N1, N2 selection, the known coordinates. The N2 as a test site, N1 as a viewpoint. The

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全站仪在房屋建筑测量中的应用分析

摘 要

介绍全站仪在房屋建筑测量中的应用，提出全站仪使用中应注意的事项。

关键词：全站仪，房屋建筑，施工测量，应用

随着科学技术的进步与发展，人类劳动不仅在深度和广度上快速拓展，且更加简洁高效。光电测距仪的出现使测量范围和测量速度大大提高，电子经纬仪的出现则不仅使测角精度有所提高，其可视化更是给测量工作带来了极大的便利，电子全站仪就是集测距、测角、测高程及数据自动化处理于一体的智能化仪器，在高层、大型房屋建筑工程的施工测量工作中得到广泛的应用。

一、全站仪简介

全站仪，即全站型电子速测仪。是一种集光、机、电为一体的高技术测量仪器，是集水平角、垂直角、距离（斜距、平距）、高差测量功能于一体的测绘仪器系统。全站仪具有测量精度高，仪器的集成化、自动化和智能化程度高等优点，已大量应用于各类工程的施工测量中。全站仪是由电子测角、电子测距、电子计算和数据存储单元等组成的三维坐标测量系统，测量结果能自动显示，并能与外转设备交换住处的多功能测量仪器。由于全站仪电子速测仪较完善地实现了测量和处理过程的电子化和一体化，所以人们也通常称之为全站仪电子速测仪或简称全站仪。

二、全站仪的特点

1、全站仪自身带有数据处理系统，只要一次照准反射棱镜；即可快速地测出水平角、垂直角和斜距，自动计算出放样点的坐标和高程，并可记录测量与计算数据。

2、通过全站仪主机的标准通讯接口，可实现全站仪与计算机或其他外围设备的数据通讯，从而使测量数据的获取、管理、计算和绘图形成一个完善的自动化测量系统。

3、利用全站仪的微机处理器来控制全站仪的测量与计算，可实现气象改正，导线测量，前、后方交会，碎部测量和施工放样等计算任务。且由于计算是由全站仪自动完成；即放线过程中完全不会受到人为因素的影响。

4、全站仪能自动读出距离数值，只要架设棱镜对准全站仪的镜头，全站仪就可读出实测的距离，且能自动计算出理论上的数据，具有测距自动和快速的特点。

5、在采用坐标放样时，其角差和放样边长都会显示在仪器屏幕上，操作很方便，尤其实在高程测量时，全站仪的一站可完成传统水准仪10站乃至50站的工作，比“传统测量仪器”可节省2/3时间，人力可节省1/2.

三、全站仪在房屋建筑施工测量中的应用

1、复合起始数据

测量工作的第一步，是对拟建建筑物四周的城市导线点的坐标及高程等起始数据进行复核。在此阶段，可用全站仪对城市导线点进行两测回的测角、测距，联测数据的精度满足测量规范的要求后，即可将其作为该工程布设建筑平面控制网的基准点和起算数据。具体方法如下：

（1）选取两城市控制网点N1、N2。将N1点作为测站点并在此架设全站仪，将N2点作为目标点，在上面架设棱镜。

（2）对全站仪进行对中、整平，并设置好仪器参数。

（3）将仪器照准方向的方向值设置为零度。全站仪可按要求的次数进行多次测距和水平角的复测并显示其平均值。

一般来说，占地面积宽广、体量庞大的建筑物提供起始控制数据的城市导线之间的距离较远，当两导线之间的距离达200-300米时，用一般光学仪器来观测容易引起误差，若使用全站仪来观测不但方便，而且精准度高。

2、通过坐标放样建立平面控制

平面控制网是建筑物定位的基本依据，其原则是整体控制局部，高精度控制低精度。使用全站仪的坐标放样功能可准确、方便的测设出整个建筑的平面控制网，并进而加密成建筑方格网。其具体方法如下：

（1）根据施工图纸，计算出各控制点及其它待放样点的坐标。

（2）选取两城市控制网点N1、N2，其坐标已知。把N2点作为测站点，N1作为后视点。把全站仪架在N2点上，把一台棱镜架在后视点N1点上，另一台带有测杆的棱镜由另一名测量人员来放置，放置的具体位置应听从仪器操作人员的指挥。

（3）对全站仪进行对中和整平，设置好仪器参数。

（4）进入坐标放样模式，输入测站点的坐标、仪器高、目标高。

（5）进入方位角的设置状态，输入后视点的坐标。精确找准后视点棱镜中心，仪器根据测站点和后视点坐标，将自动完成后视点方位角的设备。

（6）再次进入坐标放样模式，输入放样点的坐标。

（7）旋转仪器的照准部，使所显示的水平角读书为零。此时，照准部所照准的方向即为待测点的方向。照准带测杆的棱镜（待放样点附近），通过对照准点的测量，仪器显示出预先输入的待放样值与实测值之差，即“显示值=实测值-放样值”。

（8）根据显示值，指挥持棱镜的测量人员沿照准方向移动带测杆的棱镜，直到观测屏幕上的显示值在误差范围之内。

（9）在测杆指示的位置埋上刻有“ ”字丝的螺栓，用水泥砂浆将螺栓固定。

传统的放样工作使用经纬仪、钢尺、线坠等仪器，通过经纬仪拨角度、定方向以及钢尺量具来进行。利用全站仪的坐标放样功能可有效地客服传统放样工作中的弊端，在测量过程中大大减少设站次数，可直接进行放样并省去现场的记录工作。

3、通过三角高程测距进行高程控制

高程测量在整个测量工作中所占的工作量很大，也是测量工作的重要组成部分，利用全站仪的距离测量模式可精确地进行高程控制。具体方法如下：

（1）将全站仪架在水准点BM1附近。

（2）将两根装有棱镜的测杆，一根立在BM1点上，另一根立在需测标高的点上。

（3）将全站仪对中、整平，进入距离测量模式，分别测出仪器至BM1点的平距、斜距和高差h1以及仪器至所求点的平距、斜距和高差h2。

（4）若测杆1和测杆2的高度一致，则所求点A的计算式为：HA=BM1（高程） h2-h1.若仪器至测杆1测得为负高差，则h1前变符号为“ ”。两侧杆高度不一致时，若测杆2大于测杆1一个差值，则两杆的高差减去这一差值，否则相加。

（5）通过架设的水准仪，可把A点的标高引测到露面上的其他位置。

传统的高程控制方法的缺点是工作量大，容易引起误差。通过全站仪三角高程测距法进行高程控制，对施工作业干扰少、工作量小，引测速度快。

4、进行边坡及附近建筑物的偏移和沉降观测

大型工程的边坡支护难度大，安全系数要求高。因此，对其进行定期检测也是测量工作的一项重要内容。其方法是：首先沿基坑四周的边线没变均匀设置3个监测点；再选取两个可以同时的基准点，其坐标和高程已定出（既已知三维坐标），把全站仪架设于其中一点上，另一点作为后视点，可定期测出监测点的三维坐标，并进行分析比较。

5、结束语

全站仪在房屋建筑测量中推广应用，大大便利了对建筑物的垂直观测和平面、高程的测量控制；使得施工放样的精确度和准确度得到了很大提升，它的很多优点是其它测量仪器所不能替代的。所以，我们应强化全站仪的推广应用；用现代科技武装建筑测量工作，来更好地保障房屋建筑工程质量。

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