族群的背景下云南少数民族分支研究外文翻译资料

族群的背景下云南少数民族分支研究

云南少数民族分支的典型概要从上世纪50年代到70年代末，依据不同的标准，中国政府确定了五十六个民族。之所以标准不同，是源于斯大林的影响，即形成一个国家，他包括一个人口超过10亿的汉族，和其他人口只有几千的少数民族，如独龙族和赫哲族。二十五个世代居住在云南的少数民族已被正式确定，人口超过5000，其中一些在其内部的分支存在显著的差异，而其余的则被数十个分支民族整合了。在云南，共计有260个民族自报了族名。但在20世纪50年代初，只有几十个民族自报族名。淘汰了一些历史上因为民族欺压而被别人命名的族名，但自我命名的族名和一些由他人命名的族名一直保存到今天。

云南25个少数民族起源于古代四大族群——大千、百越、百濮、苗瑶和一些如蒙古族、回族、满族等都是明两代后移居。我们将选择具有鲜明特色的十个少数民族作为本文插图：彝族、哈尼族、纳西族、傈僳族、拉祜族、景颇族、傣族、壮族、苗族、白族。

彝族人民主要集中在云南、贵州、四川、广西等地，少数分布在缅甸、泰国、老挝和越南。有很多分支。根据“介绍彝族文化”中“自命名和他命名的方式”，共计有222个名字，包括51个自命名的和171个他命名的名字。每一个自我命名的名称不同于另一个或可作为的一个分支，而有时他们中的一些人实际上是一个大的分支。这些自命名的名字是：Nuosupo 和 Haiyi。在“彝族历史简介”中的“彝族自命名和他命名的简要列表”里，有35个自命名和44个他命名的名字，问题相当复杂，需要专门研究。作为有意识的民族认同和语言标记，自命名的名字可以作为将一个简单民族划分成分支机构的标准之一，这些自我命名的名字意味着不同的层次和内涵，并且他们所指的群体有不同的起源、人口、居住区。所以这些自我命名的群体肯定不能被认为只是作为分支。

原来，彝族是来自氐羌和原住民群体文化。“六祖先的一部历史事件”被广泛地记录在典籍，成为彝族民族集体无意识的历史记忆。消除关于彝族分支形成的疑虑，它已经展现了欺压象征意义，涉及到六个彝族方言区的形成。在这六个地区的二十五种方言，和地理分布也是定义分支的一种方法。地方权力，是由历史上建立的，以及它们的领土和管辖的人是谁，也在定义分支时被提及。例如，“三十七的乌蛮部落，”这是位于云南中部，在南诏和大理时代的云南东部，遇到了大理反攻，除了元的部落是哈尼族的祖先，所有的三十七个部落的人都是彝族的祖先。每个庄园领主的三十七个部落在彝族分支形成和演化中都扮演一个特定历史角色。

哈尼族主要分布在红河、元阳、和江城绿春等红河州的红河南岸，以及墨江和普洱。一些人分布在景洪、勐海等县。根据自命名的名字，哈尼分支属于以下区域文化区：红河、墨江、普洱、勐海景洪。前两个在哀牢山区均匀分布，后者是分散和混合在几个点。

纳西族有两个分支，分别是西部方言群和东部方言群。前者是在丽江县、永胜、维西、以及其自命名纳西族。后者是在宁蒗县永宁区，以及在四川的木里县和盐源县。他们自命名南瑞或纳，他们被他人命名的名字是摩梭。关于邕宁的南瑞族和丽江的纳西族，他们在民族特色和身份上有一定的差异。傈僳族经由澜沧江被分为两部分。在十五世纪，西方的移民从丽江和楚雄进入怒江流域，生活主要靠在山区耕作；东部不迁移，主要靠在固定的地方耕作。几个世纪以来，这两支彼此在经济和文化上有很大的差异。一些群体已经移居到怒江流域或搬到更远的南部西部到怒江州、保山地区，甚至到缅甸和泰国。

拉祜族演变成三个分支 - Lahula（黑拉祜）、Lahuxi（黄拉祜）、和Lahupu（白拉祜）——之前定居在澜沧、孟良、迪马和双江县等等。移居国外的人在明清时期也根据这三个分支相互区分。现在苦聪族也作为的拉祜族的一个分支，并成为锦屏所属苦聪拉祜西的一个分支。

虽然拉祜族自秦汉以来长时间内经历了过多的迁移，并形成了两大分支（拉祜那和拉祜西），但他们只有一个统一的自我命名的名字，这是云南独一无二的的少数民族。两个分支都自称拉祜族，只在需要的时候才进一步说明它是拉祜那或拉祜西。在拉祜族的语言中，“拉祜”的意思是“黑色、纯洁、高尚。”“西”是金，这意味着“黄、坚持、遗留和混合。”在秦、汉联合之际，自命名的拉祜族名称已形成，拉祜族人居住在四川北部和云南南部。

两个分支的形成与宋、元时期的一些国家之间迁移有联系。

景颇族，在中国境内德宏州等地有近10万人，分为景颇载瓦、喇期、茶山、浪峨（浪速）4大支系。这四大支系语言不同，但茶山语与阿昌语相近，这反映出茶山支系近代融入景颇族，而历史上与阿昌族先民有渊源关系。尤中先生说，景颇族中的载瓦支和浪峨（浪速）支，在元明时期的记录中，则与阿昌族一起被称为“阿昌”、“峨昌”。明朝中期以后，阿昌族从“阿昌”、“峨昌”中分化出来，另成一个单一民族。其余的“阿昌”、“峨昌”即为景颇族中的载瓦和浪峨。

傣族，有广义狭义之分。民族史学界统称中、缅、老、泰、越等国的傣系民族为傣泰掸老民族，为跨国民族。近来傣族学者认为傣族的形成与分布源远流长。傣族及其支系的形成早于近代国界的划分，因此傣泰掸老民族可统称为傣族，其内部差异只是支系、方言的差异。如刀国栋先生认为：“傣族是中国古代南方越人中最古最老也是最大的民族之一，总人口有五、六千万，在佛教产生之前他们从金沙江开始分别顺金沙江、澜沧江、怒江流域南迁到东南亚和南亚地区定居。他们分别形成傣泐（西双版纳40万人）、傣纳（泰国，500万人）、傣老（老挝傣族，近4000万人）、傣崩、傣亨（缅甸傣族，300多万人）、傣亮、傣干（越南莱州，60多万人）、傣讷（内地傣族，他称汉傣）、傣邪（新平、元江，他称花腰傣）、傣浩（金平）。

苗族，迁入云南较晚，人口近90万（1990年统计数），分属北部、南部两个地域。南部苗族集中在文山州、红河州，较为集中地小聚居于中越边境沿线及南溪河两岸，与分布在越南北部、老挝及泰国西北山区的数十万苗族呈连片分布，属同一群体。北部苗族又分滇中和滇东北两块。南部苗族有５个支系，按自称分别为蒙周（又称花苗）、蒙娄（他称白苗）、蒙使（他称青苗）、蒙瓜（他称红苗）、蒙刷（他称绿苗），其自称都带“蒙”音，语言都属苗语川黔滇方言和滇东北次方言；北部苗族都以Ad Hmaob（阿蒙）自称，又称白苗和大花苗，属两个支系。

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Research on Yunnan Minority Branches Against a Background of Ethnic Group

The Typical Outline of Minority Branches in Yunnan

From the 1950s to the end of 1970s, the fifty-six nationalities that had been identified by the government were not all on the same level. The standard was altered to fit Stalinrsquo;s definition, so that there was a Han population of over 10 billion as well as nationalities that only had a population of several thousand, such as the Dulong and Hezhe. There are twenty-five native minorities in Yunnan that have been officially identified, and more than 5,000, some of which have striking differences in their internal branches while others are integrated by dozens of branches. In the early 1950s, just the self-reported names of some nationalities reached several dozens, and there were in all 260 self-reported names in Yunnan. Through the investigative work of identification, the selfdenominated nationalities or branches have become the decisive ones according to the principle that one decides onersquo;s own name. With ethnic discrimination, some names given historically by others were eliminated, but the self-denominated names and a few named by others have been preserved up to the present day.

The twenty-five minorities in Yunnan originated from four ancient ethnic groups—the Diqian, Baiyue, Baipu, and Miaoyao— and some, such as the Menggu, Hui, Man, and so on, immigrated after the Yuan and Ming dynasties. We will choose ten minorities with striking features as illustrations for this article: the Yi, Hani, Naxi, Lisu, Lahu, Jingpo, Dai, Zhuang, Miao, and Bai.

The people of the Yi nationality are mainly concentrated in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Guangxi, while a few are scattered in Burma, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. There are lots of branches. According to the “Form of the Yi Self-Denominated and Other-Denominated Names” from “An Introduction to Yi Culture,”1 there are 222 names in all, including fifty-one self-denominated and 171 other-denominated ones. Every self-denominated name differs from another or can be taken as a branch, while sometimes several of them actually refer to a larger branch. These self-denominated names are: Nuosupo and Haiyi. In “A Brief List of Yi Self-Denominated and Other-Denominated Names” from “A Brief Introduction to Yi History,” there are thirty-five self-denominated and forty-four other-denominated names, questions about which are quite complex and need special research.2 As markers of conscious ethnic group identification and language, self-denominated names can act as one of the standards that divide a single nation into branches inside it. These self-denominated names imply different levels and connotations, and the groups to whom they refer differ in origin, population, and inhabited area. So these self-denominated groups surely cannot be considered just as branches.

Originally, the Yi nationality comes both from Diqiang and from aboriginal group culture. The historical incident of “The Yi Division by Six Ancestors,” which was widely recorded in ancient books and records, has become the ethnic grouprsquo;s historic memory of the Yi collective unconscious. Dispelling doubt about the formation of various Yi branches, it has taken on symbolic meaning and relates to the formation of the six Yi dialect areas. There are twentySPRING five dialects in these six areas, and the geographic distribution is also one way of defining the branches. The local powers, which were established by the Yi in history, as well as their territories and the people who were governed, are also referred to in defining the branches. For example, the “thirty-seven tribes of Wuman,” which were located in the middle of Yunnan and in eastern Yunnan in the times of the Nanzhao and Dali, had met the Dali repeatedly. All of the thirty-seven tribes were the ancestors of the Yi except that the tribes of the Yuan were the ancestors of the Hani nationality.Each manor of the thirty-seven tribes played a certain historical part in the formation and evolution of the Yi branches.

The Hani nationality is mainly distributed in counties such as Honghe, Yuanyang, Luchun, and Jiangcheng, which are on the southern bank of the Honghe River in Honghe canton as well as in counties such as Mojiang and Puer. A few people are distributed in counties such as Jinghong and Menghai. According to the selfdenominated names, the Hani are divided into branches. These branches belong to three regional cultural areas: Honghe, Mojiang and Puer, and Menghai and Jinghong. The former two belong to the Ailao Mountain area and are distributed evenly, while the latter are scattered and mixed in several spots.

The Naxi nationality has two branches, which are the western dialect group and the eastern dialect group. The former is in Lijiang county, Yongsheng, and Weixi, and its self-denominated name is Naxi. The latter is in Yongning district of Ninglang as well as in Muli county and Yanyuan county in Sichuan. Their self-denominated name is Nari or Na and their other-denominated name is Mosuo. The Nari in Yongning have certain differences from the Naxi in Lijiang regarding ethnic features and identity. The Lisu nationality can be divided into two parts by the Liancang River. The western one immigrated into the Nujiang River basin from Lijiang and Chuxiong in the fifteenth century, living mainly by cultivation in one place or another in the mountain areas. The eastern part never migrated, and mainly lives by cultivation in a settled place. For several centuries, the two branches differed greatly from each other in economy and culture. Some groups who had immigrated into the Nujiang River basin moved farther to the south and west into Nujiang canton, the Baoshan area, and even into Burma and Thailand, so they differed even more from the western branch.

The Lahu nationality evolved into three branches—Lahula (black Lahu), Lahux

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