从生态思维和生态文明到生态补偿和生态民主外文翻译资料

从生态思维和生态文明到生态补偿和生态民主

原文作者 Jian-zhong GAO

摘要：本文主要从生态概念着手，详细分析了生态文明、生态思维和生态民主、生态补偿之间的关系，同时还向我们传达了生态在整个社会领域占据着重要地位的信息，给我国的生态研究提供了现实的指导意义。

关键词：生态文明； 生态思维； 生态民主；生态补偿

生态环境与人们的生产与生活是息息相关的，特别是近50年来，生态问题日益威胁到人们的生活，人与环境、资源之间的矛盾变得越来越突出，生态问题也已经成为一个全球性的问题。从生态学的角度看，想要理解人与自然之间的关系，进而解决环境与发展之间的问题，已经形成一种崭新的世界观和方法论。

1、生态与生态文明

1.1多样的生态学

生态学是一种生物体与生物体之间以及生物及其生存环境之间关系的科学。由于生态学本身不仅包括有机物及其生存环境，而且也包括生物体之间的联系，生态学及其理论的结合将带来许多跨学科科目，如人类生态学、动物生态学、生物生态学、森林生态学、生态医学、核生态学、物理生态学、城市生态学，教育生态学，工业生态学等。与此同时，生态学方面也出现了许多专业词汇，如生态民主、生态政治、生态现代化、生态社会主义、生态马克思主义、生态文明等。

1.2生态文化已成为执政党的信念

在第17届全国人大代表大会上，根据构建和谐社会的理念，生态文明已经写进了政府工作报告。生态文明的出现可以被视为对国内某些区域片面追求发展，不利于可持续发展的传统执政理念的进行研究改进的结果。在过去，我们加快发展，然后争取更快更好的发展，但这一次，我们提出了了又好又快的发展理念，这意味着我们要注重发展的质量和效益，这与生态文明相关的。

生态文明为物质文明、精神文明和政治文明建设提供了必不可少的生态基础，这四种文明共同构成一个文明建设体系。生态文明是有利于提升物质、精神和政治文明的基地，这就是它被写进政府报告中的原因。

2、生态思维

环境的定义已从过去的物理环境发展到今天的自然与社会的综合环境。生态学的思想一直影响着人们生活的各个领域，并形成新的生态经济观，文化观和政治观。生态思维已经改变了人们的生产和生活方式，现在人们试图提倡低收入、适度消费、低环境污染的绿色生活来代替那种高投入、高消费、高环境污染的生态不道德的生活方式。

2.1生态学已经成为一种伦理思想

人们对自然和环境有了新的道德规范，生态学是可持续发展的长期完善的一个过程。美国前总统布什拒绝参加《京都议定书》会议，然后一直强烈谴责国际生态伦理。倒是他的前对手，戈尔因提倡应对全球气候变化而获得诺贝尔和平奖。

2.2生态思维挑战传统的经济学理论

经济效益中心现在已被改为生态效益中心。这是因为，生态思维改变了最基础的理论和传统经济学的理论基石、基本假设和核心目标，甚至会完全改变它。

3、生态思维的特征

3.1复杂性

生态文明的价值强调的复杂性，这将带来多样的社会形式。生态社会需要一个既能包容矛盾又能缓解矛盾的民主设计，并能通过对话达成共识，从而化解矛盾。

3.2 持续性

可持续发展意味着在发展过程中，不仅要尊重自然环境，同时也要公平地分配经济和社会奖励还有机会，而且它还强调公平，平衡和协调。可持续性也是一个基层运动组织的重要规则。由于人们的不了解，我国地方政府和一些部门推动的生态政策取得了事倍功半的结果。

3.3整体性

生态问题，不仅是某一地区，某一国家的问题，而是整个社会和全球的问题。因此，生态思维应该从完整性的角度来考虑问题。生态补偿的产生意味着由于市场经济的各个主体行为产生了强外部性，必须提出另一个更强大的整体来达成新的交易。市场经济责任越是清晰，私有制越是发达，生态外部性问题的产生可能性就越大。

3.4 个人责任

生态思维强调个人的责任，但这种责任也要融合集体和社会的责任。执行层次的责任是不够稳定的，但明确责任将很轻易地引导个人与集体把建设生态文化作为自己的责任。在讨论过程中，个人可以参与其中学习、认识和研究，然后清楚地了解自己以及他人的责任，并理解建设公共政策的协议。基于这一点，公民有责任并帮助加快建设公共利益，这样才能更好地支持特殊的组织和政党。

3.5 权力性

生态社会的另一个特点是权力性，这将有助于保护社会环境的复杂性和灵活性。权力性意味着规则应适用于政治和经济权力领域，主要作为其加强民主的一部分力量。事实上，很多情况下都表明，实际上最关心生态问题的是老百姓，他们也越容易受到污染。通常情况下，他们的声音很容易被忽略。但是，如果没有公众的参与和监督，一些机构在强大利益集团的巨大影响下，很难承担起他们的职责。

4、生态思维与生态民主

将生态思维转化为生态思想、行为、制度、生产和实践中，如果我们只关注报告水平是远远不够的，关键的是要了解如何执行。

4.1 生态思维的目的是生态民主的核心

生态思维的目的是生态正义和社会正义，包括人与自然之间的正义，人类之中是这一代和下一代之间的正义。这是社会的政治，经济和其他利益的公平分配，它这意味着即使适当地分配权力与公平的机会和司法公正。如果一个人能够公平地对待自然，他也可以用同样的方式对待社会成员。这个思维是在某种程度上，基于全面的参与而不是政治统治的会话管理。

4.2 解决生态问题的技术十分有限

生态问题的复杂性不仅仅是存粹的技术领域，它还涉及到利益的重新分配和权力的操作。从这方面来看，生态问题在本质上是一个政治问题。由于运用技术来解决生态问题是非常有限的，不可能单纯依靠技术。很显然，在一个民主社会里，解决政治生态问题的一个有效方法是建立民主制度。

4.3生态学家的基本权利

在国外，他们专注于人类，中国政治也强调这一点，这两个概念之间没有本质区别。唯一的区别在于，前者是通过法律和制度，但后者仍然是一个口号。生态民主是人类对环境权的基本要求，是在政治生活中对环境权的反思。在现实生活中具有很大意义。

5、生态补偿的民主定义

生态补偿是一种直接有效的方法。为了构建一个全面的、长期的生态文明，生态民主是必然产生的。它不仅需要控制意识形态，缓解社会、经济、环境的矛盾和资源开发的因素，也要确保实现生态文化。在学者看来，1998年的洪水灾害就是一个警告。在那之后，北京出现沙尘暴。之后，提倡禁止森林女巫，保护山区和加强环境保护的力量。生态补偿方面得到了全面应用。

5.1生态补偿是生态民主的实践先锋

退耕还林是重新分配的东南沿海和中西部内陆地区，这是发达国家和发展中国家地区之间的交易公平的体现，也是政府所倡导的。

生态系统服务补偿计划是林业部门和其他部门推动的项目，这也是政府保护生态民主的实践方案。排水补偿项目是生态实践地区之间通过对话来保护水资源，它是生态民主的萌芽状态。

森林认证是指一些非政府组织在国外要求消费者改变他们的消费理念给政府施加压力，并迫使企业通过市场补偿的价格政策，按照可持续发展的林业产品来定价。这种正义包括市场上的中流砥柱。

森林认证还提供了一个人人关注森林可持续发展的管理系统。这是在国际会议上对森林问题讨论的最终结果。森林认证侧重于全面公正地参与，在本质上是通过市场理论改变了外部与内部的成本，其核心是假设一个消费群体有能力，有意识，并愿意花更多的钱去购买认证产品。

国际碳贸易是通过发展中国家和发达国家之间在生态伦理和道德上的对话达成的强大协议。在这个协议中，由于对话中的障碍，清洁生产体系的重点项目是一个妥协的方法，这可能被视为在森林碳储存系统中真正的贸易和经济补偿。没有一个国家愿意采取二氧化碳减排政策。因此，清洁发展机制可以帮助发达国家在发展中国家所购买的数量。通过这种方式，全球减少优化是实现和减少总成本的最小化。

5.2仍然有很多不公平的生态亟待解决

外部产生的根源是利益的复杂性和缺乏合作的决策，这种个人情感和感性群体之间的冲突深深植根于人类社会。既然世界是多元化、工业是详细化、个性化越深，越不可能完全消除外部因素。人类往合作的方向努力，为的是减少人们参与密切相关的自身利益的活动，营造一个具有挑战性的环境，提供更多的平台让人们参与和选择，并少用强制执行的方法来解决问题。

一些国家，一方面使用奢侈品；另一方面，把成本高的产业转向发展中国家。他们从发展中国家进口产品，却把污染留给了贫穷的国家。美国人口只占全球人口的3%至4%，而排放的二氧化碳量超过全球总量的25%。但美国却反过来指责发展中国家的开发成本高，污染大，也不情愿解决全球变暖的问题，这并不符合国际生态民主的要求。

总之，生态思维的预示着人类的政治发展需要一个新的替代选择，生态社会需要与民主联系起来。该管理方法在某种意义上是一种基于公众参与协商的民主政治，民主不属于政治专制。市场经济已经推动中国经济走向民主的道路，而在其他方面还没有。因为缺乏交流，生态民主易于付诸实践，共识易被应用。因此，综合经济和生态领域的民主将有助于加快民主政治的发展。

外文文献出处：http://d.scholar.cnki.net/detail/refdetail?tablename=SCAD_Uamp;filename=SCAD00000000343

附外文文献原文

From Ecological Thinking and Ecological Culture to Ecological Compensation and Ecological Democracy

Ecology is closely related to peoplersquo;s productivity and life. Especially in recent 50 years, peoplersquo;s life has increasingly threatened ecology, the conflict between man, environment and resources are becoming more and more severe. And the ecologic problem has become a global issue. To understand the relationship between man and nature, and then solve the problem between environment and development from the perspective of ecology has formed a new global view and methodology.

1. ECOLOGY AND ECOLOGIC CULTURE

1.1 Plentiful Ecology

Ecology is the complex of inter-organism relationship as well as the relationship between organism and their living environment. Because organism themselves include not only the link between organic matte and its living environment but also the relationship between organism, the combination of ecology and its theory will bring many cross-disciplinary subjects, such as human ecology, animal ecology

biogeochemical ecology, forest ecology, medical ecology, nuclear ecology, physical ecology, urban ecology, ecology of education, industrial ecology etc. Meanwhile, many ecological terms also emerged such as ecological democracy, ecological politics, ecological modernization, ecological socialism Ecological Marxism, ecological civilization and so on.

1.2 Ecologic Culture has become the belief of executive party

In the 17^th National Peoples Congress, ecologic culture has been recorded in the government report, and has been in

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From Ecological Thinking and Ecological Culture to Ecological Compensation and Ecological Democracy

Ecology is closely related to peoplersquo;s productivity and life. Especially in recent 50 years, peoplersquo;s life has increasingly threatened ecology, the conflict between man, environment and resources are becoming more and more severe. And the ecologic problem has become a global issue. To understand the relationship between man and nature, and then solve the problem between environment and development from the perspective of ecology has formed a new global view and methodology.

1. ECOLOGY AND ECOLOGIC CULTURE

1.1 Plentiful Ecology

Ecology is the complex of inter-organism relationship as well as the relationship between organism and their living environment. Because organism themselves include not only the link between organic matte and its living environment but also the relationship between organism, the combination of ecology and its theory will bring many cross-disciplinary subjects, such as human ecology, animal ecology

biogeochemical ecology, forest ecology, medical ecology, nuclear ecology, physical ecology, urban ecology, ecology of education, industrial ecology etc. Meanwhile, many ecological terms also emerged such as ecological democracy, ecological politics, ecological modernization, ecological socialism Ecological Marxism, ecological civilization and so on.

1.2 Ecologic Culture has become the belief of executive party

In the 17^th National Peoples Congress, ecologic culture has been recorded in the government report, and has been in accordance to the idea of harmonious society. The occurrence of ecologic culture could be seen as the improvement of the wrong idea which focuses on the partial interest and in contrast with sustainable development. In the past, we accelerated development, and then strived for faster and better

development. But this time, we came up with the idea of good and fast development, which means that we should emphasize on the quality and benefit of development. This is in coherent with ecologic culture.

Ecologic culture provides an essential ecologic base for material culture, spiritual culture and political culture building. All the four kinds of culture have built a culture building system. Ecologic culture is the ascending and base of material, spiritual and political culture. That is why it has been recorded in the party report.

2. ECOLOGICAL THINKING

The definition of environment has been changed from the past physical environment to the current complex environment between nature and society. The idea of ecology has influenced every aspect of peoplersquo;s life, and formed new ecological economic view, cultural view and politic view. Ecological thinking has changed peoplersquo;s way of production and life. People are now trying to adopt a tender,

sustainable, ecologic green and recycling economic way instead of the only focusing on GDP growth, high input and expense, and severe pollution.

2.1 Ecology has become an ethical idea

People have a new ethical code for treating nature and environment. Ecology is the long-term sustainable process. Former US President Bush rejected to participate in Kyoto Protocol and then has been strongly condemned by international ecological ethic. However, his former opponent, Al Gole has won the Nobel Peace Prize for his contribution to global weather change.

2.2 Ecological thinking has challenged conventional economic theory

Economic interest center has now been changed to ecologic interest center. This is because ecological thinking has changed the very basic theory, assumption and core propose of conventional economy, and even will change it completely.

3. FEATURES OF ECOLOGICAL THINKING

3.1 Plentiful

The value of ecology emphasizes on complexity, which will bring more social ways. Ecologic society requires a democratic design which could embody and ease the conflicts within it, could coordinate democratic differences and come to an agreement through conversation.

3.2 Sustainable

Sustainable means not only respect natural environment but also fairly distribute economic and social reward and opportunities. It also emphasizes on fairness, balance and coordination. This is also an important rule of primary organizations. Many of the ecologic policies pushed by government has reached a dissatisfactory result due to peoplersquo;s unawareness.

3.3 Integrity

Ecologic problem not only apply to a certain region, certain country, but is a social and global issue. Thus, ecological thinking should from a integrity perspective.

Ecological compensation means that since market economy could not deal with the individual exterior quality, it shall come to a new deal by using another more powerful system. The clearer the market economic responsibility is, the more developing the private ownership is, the bigger the possibility of exterior problem is.

3.4 Individual Responsibility

Ecological thinking emphasizes on individual responsibility, but it should also be combined with group and social responsibilities. Enforced hierarchy responsibility is not solid enough, but clarified responsibility will make it easy to for individual and group to take their responsibility of building ecological culture. During the discussion, individual could learn from the conversation, participation, recognition and studying, then clearly understand his as well as othersrsquo; responsibilities, and understand the agreement on public policy construction. Based on this point, citizen has the responsibility to keep and help to accelerate the public interest, so as to better support special organization and party.

3.5 Power Delegation

Another feature of ecological soci

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