分析为什么中国高等教育研究的重点是理论思辨外文翻译资料

 2023-01-09 04:01

分析为什么中国高等教育研究的重点是理论思辨

摘要:中国的高等教育研究表明理论推测非常重要的特点。这种现象的原因有三个方面,传统文化,社会文化,研究人员自己:传统文化的影响,表现为轻视理性探讨和实证精神,模糊思维倾向的文化倾向;社会结构的影响进行了相同的类,不同类别的官方立场的影响,“融合”的趋势;研究者自身表达的影响,作为高等教育研究方向由生存内心的焦虑所产生的压力,生存的干预和进一步发展的骄傲。

关键词:高等教育研究;理论推测;传统文化;生存的压力

中国是公认的高等教育研究的一个重要动力。与西方的研究相比,高等教育研究在中国出现了一个独特的主体形式。自1978年以来,从小到大,中国的高等教育研究创建了卓有成效的工作。每年都有成千上万的研究论文产生,近年来,专业研究人员达数千人,研究机构在中国的土地上遍地开花(胡建华,2003年)。从我们的高等教育历史分析,中国的高等教育研究表明,主要的理论特征主要表现为投机行为的出现(丁学芳、周燕,2009年)。理论的推理在逻辑上是适合于那些在研究领域工作多年,具有丰富的经验的大师。他们具有多年的研究经验,可以写自己独特的想法。为什么高等教育在中国的研究显示广泛的投机倾向?对于原因的分析,我们可以从三个方面——垂直时间,外侧的环境,内心的自我进行。具体来说,它显示为中国传统文化的影响,中国社会结构的特点以及研究者本身。

1、纵向时间分析——中国传统文化的影响

尽管我国的封建传统文化在近代中国的社会革命、改革和西方文化思潮的影响下得到了极大的削弱,千百年的积累深化在中国人的心中,学术研究也显示其踪迹,主要影响在于文化倾向和思维方式。

1.1.文化倾向的影响

中国传统文化与儒家文化为代表的具有理性和实证主义倾向的蔑视。墨家在旧中国的春秋战国时期重视实验和逻辑的方式,并持有一些科技成果,但是败在儒学的较量。这是导致中国现代科学和技术落后的原因之一。即使在高等教育研究领域中国具有原创性,儒家文化也影响了实证主义的发展。中国的传统文化最重视维护社会的稳定和个人修养的培养,而轻视探求自然真理和精确的逻辑。和高等教育本身具有的不确定性和复杂性的特点使文化倾向更容易识别。另一点是由那些蔑视实用和效率的,与科学论证与追求效率和创新不一致的中国传统儒学提出的正义的倾向。这使得中国的高等教育的研究呈现出人性的研究,而不是科学研究。

1.2.思维方式的影响

中国的传统文化表现出一种思维方式,注重在整体性而不是局部,侧重于模糊而不是精确。在一个国家的历史上最优秀的研究人员往往会在思维最高点提出关于社会生活和宇宙精致意见,而不是进行实证探索微观世界。在中国传统文化中,我们可以发现这样的特点:古人积极推进全面的想法,但采取某种逃避的态度进行仔细的分析。这种思维方式有助于把握研究对象作为一个整体,但容易产生肤浅的认识。尤其是当高等教育研究涉及到教育,经济,政治和其他因素的时候,把握整体显示我们具有良好的综合实力,这有利于宏观经济理论的研究,但在具体的与现实并不亲密接触。还有一点,在中国传统文化、一词多义、歧义、双关语和其他特性中用模糊思维模式在中国找到的词,这与西方语言的准确性形成一个鲜明对比。这也使得我国的高等教育容易失去精度和较少实证的研究。

2.分析中国社会结构的侧向环境的影响

高等教育在一个国家的研究必须受到政府,宪法和社会结构的特点的影响。虽然中国是一个社会主义国家,但几千年封建制度所留下的痕迹仍反映了社会结构的布局和中国人民通过隐式方式的想法。中国目前的社会在一定程度上继承的构成的传统方式,具有鲜明的层次分布结构的性能。随着社会对处于同一水平的“趋同化”倾向的表现,其成员有一个共同的思维模式和生活。在水平之间,它显示了较高的管理水平的官方标准,上层负责低下层阶级,下级必须服从安排。这两个特性使得对中国高等教育的研究具有相当大的影响。

2.1.“趋同化”倾向在同一类的效果

实证研究不仅需要一批注重实际问题的专家学者,还需要有利于学术研究的社会风气。中国缺乏存在于西方社会气氛中的个性和多元化的追求。在普通百姓的意识里,学术研究人员和普通民众都被认为是被分离的两个不同的类别。中国人普遍认为,学术研究只是存在于象牙塔,具有一组固有模式的社会生活,并不需要进行研究。你可以想像,当研究人员以饱满的热情去采访和调查,经常会用疑惑的眼神进行蔑视。即使有愿意为一些合作伙伴,他们将以此作为一个笑话,并不严重。这不仅会影响到实证研究结果的有效性,另一个隐性的负面影响是使研究人员受到沉重的打击,这促使他们进入象牙塔。你可以说,实证研究要求研究人员和公众有着密切的联系,但在人们的观念中有意或无意的分离的研究方向进行理论思考的方向并不需要它们的紧密联系。

2.2.不同类别的官本位因素的影响

由于历史和社会现实的原因,很多人在中国有官本位的思想,学术界也不例外(韩庆祥,1996年)。理论解释是专长投机的官员撰写的报告,这与管理工作的性质是分不开的。学术和行政领域在中国有密切的关系,官本位的思想很容易出现在学术界。官本位思想的人,擅长研究在其他学术领域跟仕途影响有关的高等教育研究的发展。除了学术研究,往往也有研究人员在中国对行政事务有显著的需求。很多科研人员都具有行政职务,反过来许多行政人员在学术研究领域的贡献。这个功能是高等教育研究涉及很多行政方面的领域更为明显。政府对研究的影响也反映在他们的研究方向,使其呈现“管理风格”的特点,这让利于理论研究与管理工作的支持。但值得注意的是,这应该是除了一些行为,均得到行政权力的重要学术成果,而不是影响学业成就的研究的质量。

3.研究者本身的问题——焦虑和傲慢

除了历史和社会现实,研究者本身也是影响研究取向的一个重要方面。与西方学者相比,学术研究之间的联系,研究人员的生存和发展似乎更接近中国。这是不可避免的,当我们的国家还处在社会主义初级阶段。当我们进行学术研究,我们不仅能满足的好奇心和求知欲,还要考虑现实的存在和研究思路的影响。在中国的许多研究人员的内部有两个配合一焦虑和傲慢。焦虑的作用源于生存压力,傲慢基础上的赢家和自我安慰失败者上的优越性。这两种看似截然不同的思维方式有一个共同的根——的生存压力,鼓励对理论思维方向是比较容易得到的结果高等教育研究方向。

3.1.焦虑的影响

与美国相比的中国的高等教育研究,我们可以看到,在美国高等教育研究是根据研究人员的兴趣,它可以扩展到整个风格和学术研究功能,在美国具有丰富的金融资源和支持宽松的政治氛围。当我们一方面研究是由政治和社会干预,在另一方面,通过研究自己的生存和发展受到影响。大多数情况下,尤其是年轻的,研究人员的研究的第一个目标是试图删除来自生存的压力内心的焦虑,而不是满足对知识的渴求,体现在研究成果从研究得出一定的学术浮躁的存在。中国高等教育研究论文的产生是伟大的,但引用率不高。虽然不乏在研究人员的辛勤工作的结晶,智慧的火花碰撞,敏锐的评论家提出,有一种纸上谈兵的感觉。如今社会功利主义风气的普遍的增加,也表现为急功近利的学术研究领域的现象的影响。理论推测明显是比实证研究更方便,因为前者只需要研究人员专注于文献分析和思考的设计思路,不为金钱,人际关系,交通运输等方面的实证研究需要的要求,因此得到普及。

3.2.傲慢的影响

研究人员争取生存通常会得到两种结果。一个是成功的,以获得足够的生存资源,然后与人不是谁的优势相比。另一种是与崇高的学术态度的竞争,因为种种原因,并安慰自己失败。两者都是研究产者容易产生傲慢的情愫。此外,时尚“打磨下,只有读”在中国也部分构成的焦点高等教育研究在我国理论推测的原因。前面所提到的,从事研究多年的研究适合于理论分析的工作,因为他们有丰富的经验和深刻的思考。但现在很多年轻的研究者,包括一些学生,觉得自己也有从宏观的角度把握高等教育研究的资格。他们很容易迷失在自己的作品中,忽略自身的缺点。然而,我们也不能对年轻人理论推测的研究。由于受传统文化的约束少,他们往往更容易创新研究。

致谢

感谢我的导师教授王光荣和兰州大学帮助我完成我的工作。

参考文献

[1] 胡建华.试析高等教育研究的“泛化”现象,现代大学教育,2003(1)10-15

[2] 丁学芳,周燕.高等教育研究方法的演变——基于人大复印资料《高等教育》(1980-2007).理工高教研究.2009.28(2), 22一27

[3] 徐辉,季诚钧.高等教育研究方法现状及分析.中国高教研究.2004(1), 9-14

[4] 韩庆祥.消除学术研究中的官本位因素.长沙水电师院社会科学学报.1996(4), 13-17

外文文献出处: http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1877042813046648/1-s2.0-S1877042813046648-main.pdf?_tid=18213186-9bb5-11e4-b1b0-00000aacb35famp;acdnat=1421216462_f43de45f92c92303c1cf480133b1b07e

附外文文献原文:

Analysis for why the emphasis of Chinas higher education

research is theoretical speculative

Fan Wei-Wei / Procedia一Social and Behavioral Sciences 106 (2013) 439一444

Abstract:Chinas higher education research showed the characteristics of great importance to theoretical speculation. The reasons for this phenomenon are three aspects-traditional culture, social culture, researchers own: The impact of traditional culture expresses as the cultural tendencies of contempt for rational inquiry and empirical spirit, and a tendency of fuzzy thinking; Social structures effects perform the tendencies of 'convergence' of the same class and the influence of official position of different classes; The impact of the researcher s own expresses as the intervention for the higher education research orientation by survival inner anxiety generated by the pressure to survive and the further developed pride.

Keywords : Higher education research; Theoretical speculation; Traditional culture; The pressure to survive

China is recognized as a great power of higher education research. Compared with the western research , the study of higher education arose in China with a unique subject form. Since 1978, from small to large, Chinas higher education researches create fruitful works. Every year tens of thousands of research papers are produced in recent years, professional researchers reach into the thousands, research institutions blossom everywhere on the land in China(Hu Jian一hua, 2003). It appears from the analysis of the history of our higher education that Chinas higher education research showed mainly the main theoretical speculation characteristics(Ding Xue-Fangamp;Zhou Yan, 2009). Theoretic reasoning is logically suitable for some great master who is in the field of research for many years with rich experience in person. They can write their own unique thoughts with many years of research experience. Why has the study of

剩余内容已隐藏,支付完成后下载完整资料


Analysis for why the emphasis of Chinas higher education

research is theoretical speculative

Fan Wei-Wei / Procedia一Social and Behavioral Sciences 106 (2013) 439一444

Abstract:Chinas higher education research showed the characteristics of great importance to theoretical speculation. The reasons for this phenomenon are three aspects-traditional culture, social culture, researchers own: The impact of traditional culture expresses as the cultural tendencies of contempt for rational inquiry and empirical spirit, and a tendency of fuzzy thinking; Social structures effects perform the tendencies of 'convergence' of the same class and the influence of official position of different classes; The impact of the researcher s own expresses as the intervention for the higher education research orientation by survival inner anxiety generated by the pressure to survive and the further developed pride.

Keywords :Higher education research; Theoretical speculation; Traditional culture; The pressure to survive

China is recognized as a great power of higher education research. Compared with the western research , the study of higher education arose in China with a unique subject form. Since 1978, from small to large, Chinas higher education researches create fruitful works. Every year tens of thousands of research papers are produced in recent years, professional researchers reach into the thousands, research institutions blossom everywhere on the land in China(Hu Jian一hua, 2003). It appears from the analysis of the history of our higher education that Chinas higher education research showed mainly the main theoretical speculation characteristics(Ding Xue-Fangamp;Zhou Yan, 2009). Theoretic reasoning is logically suitable for some great master who is in the field of research for many years with rich experience in person. They can write their own unique thoughts with many years of research experience. Why has the study of higher education in China shown widespread speculative tendency? For the analysis of the reasons, we can carry out from three aspects-the vertical time, the lateral environment, the inner self. Specifically, it appears as the influence of Chinese traditional culture, the characteristics of Chinese social structure and the researcher themselves.

1. Longitudinal analysis of time-the influence of Chinese traditional culture

Although the feudal traditional culture has been greatly weakened its influence in the impact of

modern Chinas social revolution, reform and the ideological trend of western culture, the accumulation of thousands of years has deepening in Chinese peoples mind, in academic research also shows its traces, the main impact lies in culture tendency and mode of thinking.

1.1. Influence of cultural tendency

The Chinese traditional culture with Confucian culture as the representative has a contempt for rational inquiry tendency and positivism. The Mohist in old Chinas Spring and Autumn period has attention to experimental and logical manner, and holds some scientific and technological achievements, but is defeated in the contest with Confucian. This is one of the reasons that caused the backwardness of the modern science and technology in China. Even in the higher education research area for which China has originality, the Confucian culture has also affected the development of positivism. Chinas traditional culture pays most attention to maintain social stability and personal accomplishment raise, but despises the quest for the truth of nature and precise logic. And the characteristics that higher education itself have the uncertainty and complexity make the cultural tendency more easily recognized. Another point is the tendency of justice hold by Chinese traditional Confucianisms who show disdain for the utility and efficiency, which is inconsistent with the scientific demonstration with pursuit for efficiency and innovation. This makes the Chinas study of higher education show a trend of humanity research rather than scientific research.

1.2. The influence of the way of thinking.

Chinese traditional culture showed a way of thinking that pays attention to the global rather than the local, focuses on the fuzzy rather than the precise. Most of outstanding researchers in this

countrys history tend to present exquisite views on social life and the universe at the station in the

commanding heights of the thinking rather than to carry on the empirical explore for a microscopic world. In the Chinese traditional culture, we can find such characteristics: The ancients actively promote comprehensive thought but take a certain escape attitude for careful analysis. This way of thinking helps to grasp the research object as a whole but easily lead to a superficial understanding. Especially when higher education research relates to education, economic, political and other factors, to grasp the convex overall shows that we are good at comprehensive strengths, which is helpful to the study of macroeconomic theory but in the concrete has not close contact with reality. Another point, with the fuzzy thinking mode in Chinese traditional culture, polysemy, ambiguity, puns and other characteristics can be found in Chinese words, which is a sharp contrast to the accuracy of western language. This also makes the research of our higher education easy to lose accuracy and be less empirical.

2. Analysis of lateral environment-The impact of Chinas social structure

The study of higher education in a country must be affected by the government, constitution and characteristics of social structure. Although China is a socialist country, but the traces left by feudal rules of thousands of years still reflect in the layout of social structure and the idea of Chinese people by an implicit way. Chinas current society inherits the traditional way of composition in a certain extent, with a perfo

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