关于城市景观设计现存问题以及对策的研究
摘要
本文首先说明城市景观规划与设计在国内外的发展与现状,此外本文还对当前城市景观设计存在的问题进行了分析,其中存在的问题主要表现为景观设计师的参与一直被忽视;植物的空间布局和景观都被忽视;原有的自然景观和生态系统已被破坏;设计缺乏地域风格和个性;工厂和社区的设计简单,且呈现严重不符实际的绿化效果的情况。本文将详细从城市景观设计的科学规划,调整措施,因地制宜,经济实惠几个方面出发,提出通过植物造景为主,以人文本,并强调区域个性化;调整城市总体规划和设计人员的参与方式,构建区域创新特色景观;加强设计师和施工方之间的沟通;突出科研和人才培养;建立良种繁育和引进和胚芽资源的驯化;强化景观的建设和管理的改造策略。
关键词
景观设计;城市景观;计划;区域特色;以人为本
随着中国城市园林绿化建设的加快,它要求园林绿化设计者有更高的专业技术和社会责任。然而,目前城市绿化的设计思路、特点、功能、绿色指数和一些城市园林绿化设计配置并不理想。可以看出,提高规划、设计以及管理的能力,在维持城市生态平衡,改善城市生态环境,促进和加强城市基础设施建设,提高人民生活质量起着重要作用。
城市园林绿化的规划和设计开始于上世纪70年代。当时西方发达国家的许多城市都遭受了严重的环境问题,因此,关于生态的思想开始萌生,对于保护自然和改善城市生态环境的重视开始上升。城市规划设计应更注重生活质量,希望能将绿色的土地和自然城市,从而建立一个绿色网络结构体系包括城市景观,都市农业与城市林业。欧洲国家和美国的城市绿地放大处理作为一个重要的符号自然引入城市。城市规划和设计中更加注重自然因素和景观保护,应用保护和改善城市绿地环境的思想,使城市景观的概念可以扩大和深化,城市绿地自然可以延伸到周围的自然景观[1]。国内外城市绿化,一般的朴素简单,一直强调,自然的绿色理念已体现无处不在,自然环境与人工环境相互协调。在公共绿地布局,他们主张根据当地条件选择合适的乡土树种,大力发展绿色住宅的土地,公园绿地和街头绿土地。体现人与自然的和谐都已绿地规划设计的主要风格[2]。
城市绿地设计在中国从70年代末期开始,当时的城市绿化政策是“结合点,线,面的斑块发展模式”。城市绿化开始迅速发展。80年代之后,中国北方城市开始形成以天津为代表的“大环境绿化”发展模式,中国南方则形成以上海为代表的“生态景观绿化”发展模式。当时的全国绿化率达到了23.0%,绿化覆盖率27.44%,人均公共绿地6.50平方米。2001,中国建设部曾授予包括海口,三亚,长春等十个城市“国家园林城市”、“国家花园城市”的称号[3]。目前,国内城市景观规划的特点是因素多样化,结构网络化和生态化,设计理念趋向生态设计,区域设计,文化设计,科学和艺术的设计,多样化设计。
- 城市景观规划的现状和所存在问题
随着中国城市园林绿化进程的不断推进,人们的生活水平有所提高,园林绿化发展迅速,技术团队建设,设计水平和贸易发展都取得了辉煌成就。随着城市化进程的逐步推进,带动了城市景观研究的繁荣,目前发展了以公共绿地的公园和绿化广场为代表的绿化模式是现代大城市景观的象征。近年来,从传统园林发展为城市绿化和郊区一体化,景观规划设计的概念和领域观念的不断深化,完善和扩大。在实践中,根据国内的实际情况和传统文化,吸收国外的一些新的设计思想和理念,遵循现代生活需求,已经造就了一批好的作品。然而,一般情况下,很少有设计深受广大群众的青睐和专家证实,但也可以被视为经典的作品。同时,景观规划设计存在一些不足,主要表现在以下几个方面。
1.1景观设计与规划忽视了设计人员的参与
一个城市的总体规划决定了园林的外观以及整个城市的景观特色和空间格局。目前,政府部门指导下的一些城市总体规划只强调城市规划师和建筑师的意见,而忽视了景观设计师的参与,未能体现以人为本,功能和生态效应的结合[4]。规划布局只重视添加绿色的土地,而没有做到绿化率的保证,保护原有的地形地貌,结合人文景观与自然景观从而达到生态平衡。
1.2概述植物与景观的空间布局
现在,许多园林绿化建设只强调总体布局和硬质景观的设计,而忽视植物景观和生态效应的功能作用。普遍的错误观念认为绿化就是培育树木,树种,却忽视了植物的空间格局对环境和环境对植物的影响。同时,人也是植物景观构成中的重要因素。然而一些建筑规划者和设计师并不知道植物的生物学性质和生态学特性,但是这些工程的缺陷却要在几年后才被发现。因此,园林植物不仅是指植物之间的协调的合理配置,还包括植物与环境之间,植物与人类之间的和谐,人们必须理解和尊重植物景观空间布局的合理性。
1.3破坏区域自然景观与生态系统
中国人口众多,人均土地资源少,建筑密度大,可用绿化面积不足。城市建
设者为了获得更多的土地面积,必须铲平自然山头,填池和砍伐植物,破坏自然地形,改变原有的自然景观和生态系统。尽管一些异国情调植物已被广泛采用,然而绿化效果却很差。
1.4景观规划缺乏区域特色与个性化
每个城市都有自己独特的文化内涵。然而目前一些新建的城市园林绿化并没有体现区域特色和风格。在广场,街道,单位庭院和住宅庭院,绿化都同一化。一些外来树种已被广泛采用,如热带树种包括香樟,茶树。导致乡土树种没有得到充分的开发。树种的简单组合并不能带来美感,类似的景观设计通常缺少鲜明的主题和文化内涵。同时,外来树种盲目引进会导致其死亡造成严重的经济损失。
1.5工程的宣传效果与事实严重不符
由于委托方通常要求设计方提供景观规划设计的一些方案图,为了达到吸引效果,设计方通常给出一些更能美化设计意图的画作,生动而华丽多彩。然而,景观的设计效果图很难发现实际施工中的困难。导致宣传效果与实际效果天壤之别[5]。
2.城市园林绿化设计的原则
景观设计是一个综合性的造型艺术,必须以植物为造景和组成材料。在设计中,“适用,经济,美观”被视为指导思想。
2.1以科学规划为基础注重设计细节
对于城市景观设计应该有独特和正确的认识。在科学规划的基础上,整个设计方案应实现区域环境与景观因素的结合。最后实现绿化和周围的环境或一般的城绿化系统之间,形式,大小,比例,颜色,纹理和环境之间的协调[6]。
2.2因地制宜,经济适用
景观规划需要结合当地的地形和环境,随着实际情况的改变而转变。中国是一个发展中国家,其财力是有限的,所以它不应该追求豪华或照搬西方国家的大绿地。根据对城市景观设计及其存在的问题进行的研究。目前,城市景观设计的主要目的是改善生活环境,保障居民的身体和心理协调。因此,在设计时,应选择阴凉的绿化为导向,扩大绿化领域,最终建成合理的城市绿化格局。
2.3以植物为主的造景模式
植物造景强调生活美,色彩美,图案美,神韵美,在设计时体现个性化、多样化。它的目的是构建以乔木为主,结合灌木,花草的混合绿化模式,从而形成和完善多样化的生态环境[7]。
3.城市景观规划设计存在问题的对策和方法
基于城市景观设计的现状和原则,中国目前需要绿化规划以人为本,改善人民生活环境,构建一个真正的花园城市。
3.1提倡以人为本,构建创新型区域特色景观
景观规划设计应坚持以人为本的设计理念,强调人与自然之间的和谐统一;充分挖掘地域文化和历史特征,以建设宜居住宅环境为基本要求,塑造城市形象,从而设计出不同的景观空间来满足人们不同的需求。同时,它应结合乡土树种和人工构建的植物群落。实现合理的本土绿化格局。
3.2加强设计师和施工方之间的沟通
为创造良好的景观,设计师必须充分认识当地的经济社会,历史文化,地形地貌,水文地质,民俗风情,自然植被,人文景观和自然景观。它需要深入研究并创造一流的设计作品,在施工过程中,设计师应具有良好的沟通和协调能力,实现全程跟踪,掌握设计尺度,发现问题,并在施工过程中及时调整设计方案。
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Research on Problems Existing in Urban Landscape Design and Its Countermeasures
Xu zhidan, Art College,Hebei University of Science and Technology
Abstract
After illustrating the development and general situation of urban landscape planning and design at home and abroad,the paper has analyzed the current situation and existing problems of urban landscape design, which are manifested in that the participation of landscape designers has been neglected, plants space layout and landscaping have been overlooked, original natural landscape and eco-system have been destroyed,regional style and design personality are lacked, the design of plants community is simple,and the rendering is seriously inconsistent the actual effect.It points out that urban landscape design should pay attention to details based on scientific planning; adjust measures to local conditions, economical and affordable; be dominated by plant landscaping; center on people; and highlight regional feature.And then,it has proposed countermeasures and methods for urban landscape planning and design.It should emphasize the general urban plan and the participation of designers; advocate people orientation and construct regional creative characteristic landscape; enhance the communication between designers and construction party; highlight scientific research and personnel training; establish seed breeding and introduction and domestication of germ resources; and strengthen the construction and management of landscape.
Key words
Landscape design, Urban landscape, Planning, Regional feature, People-orientation
With the acceleration of urban landscape greening construction in China,it requires higher for the technology of landscape greening design, designers wisdom and social responsibility.Nevertheless,the design demonstration,thought train,characteristic,function,green index and trees disposition of some urban landscape greening designs are not ideal.It can be seen that enhancing the planning,design and management of landscape greening plays an important role in sustaining urban ecological balance,improving urban eco-environment,promoting and strengthening the construction of urban basic facilities,and increasing peoples life quality.
The planning and design of urban landscape greening started in 1970s.And many cities in western developed countries have suffered serious environmental problems,and hence,the thought of highlighting ecology,protecting nature and improving urban environment has risen. Urban planning and design should pay more attention to life quality and it hopes to combine green lands and nature with the city,so as to establish a green network structure system including urban landscape, urban agriculture and urban forestry. European countries and America have treated the enlargement of urban green land as a critical symbol for nature being introduced into the city.Their urban planning and design pay more attention to natural factor and landscape protection,and apply the thought of protecting and improving environment in urban green lands, so that the concept of urban landscape can be expanded and deepened, and urban green lands can naturally stretch to surrounding natural landscape[1].As for the domestic and foreign urban greenings,the general plainness and simplicity have been emphasized,the natural green concept has been manifested everywhere and natural environment is mutually coordinated with artificial environment.In the layout of public green lands,they advocate selecting proper native trees according to local condition,vigorously develop residential green lands,park green lands and street green lands.Manifesting the harmony between human and nature everywhere has been the main style of green lands planning and design[2].
Urban green lands design started at the end of 1 970s in China,and the policy of urban greening was ' linking patches into groups and combining spots,lines and surfaces'.Urban greening developed rapidly.After 1 980s,the ' macro-environment greening' represented by Tianjin in North China and the ecological landscape greening ' represented by Shanghai in South China had emerged. The greening ratio was 23. 00%, greening coverage ratio was 27.44% and per capita public green land was 6.50 m2. In 2001 ,State Ministry of Construction had given the title of ' national garden city' and ' national garden urban district' to ten cities including Haikou,Sanya, Changchun and so o[3].At present,domestic urban landscape planning and design is characterized by factor diversification,structure networking and ecological rationalization,and tends to be of ecological design, regional design, cultural design,scientific and artistic design,and vertical design.
1 Current situation and existing problems of urban landscape planning and
design
With the constant development of urban landscape greening in China,peoples life standard has increased,landscaping has developed rapidly, and technology team construction, design level and trade development has achieved glorious accomplishments. With the gradual advancement of urbanization, the supporting urban function has driven the prosperity of urban Journal of Landscape Research 201 1 , 3( 1 2) : 20 - 22,26 Editor: Chan Zhenzhen Proofreader: Wu Xiaoyan landscape design, public green lands represented by parks and greening squares have been the symbols of modern large cities. In recent years, from traditional landscape to urban greening and then to suburb integration, the concept and field of landscape planning and design have deepened, become perfect and expanded. In practice, based on the actual domestic situation and traditional culture, designers have absorbed some foreign new thoughts and ideas, followed modern living requirement and created a group of good works. However, in general, there are few designs that
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