小学历史教学中实施翻转课堂模式的行动研究
Aidinopoulou, Vasiliki; Sampson, Demetrios G.
摘要:近年来的许多研究表明,翻转课堂模式对学生学习是有益处的。这些好处通常被认为是能够有效地利用课堂时间,以及让学生参与主动学习。虽然在科学、技术、工程和数学(STEM)科目中,以及在高等教育和高中,都有一些关于翻转课堂的相关研究,但在社会研究和小学阶段,研究翻转课堂的著作却很少。本文针对翻转课堂模式在小学社会科学教学中的实施进行了行动研究。这个行动研究的主要范围,是在整个学年开展了两个不同的历史课堂(一个代表翻转模式的实验组模型和其他代表传统讲授的对照组模型),用以比较以学生为中心的学习活动与学习成果,在传统历史课程(即以历史内容的记忆为学习目标)和更有野心的(即以历史思维技能的培养为目标)的翻转模式中的差异。研究表明,实验组的课堂教学中学生有参与以学生为中心的活动,这在展示批判性的历史思维技能方面导致了更好的学习结果。因此,这项初步的行动研究为寻找翻转课堂模式在小学社会科学课程中的潜在益处提供了令人鼓舞的证据。
Abstract: The benefits of the flipped classroom (FC) model in studentsrsquo; learning are claimed in many recent studies.These benefits are typically accounted to the pedagogically efficient use of classroom time for engaging students in active learning. Although there are several relevant studies for the deployment of the FC model in Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM) subjects, and at Higher Education and/or High School, there are very few works studying FC in social studies and at primary school level. This paper presents an action research focused on the implementation of the FC model in teaching social studies in primary school. The main scope of this action research, conducted over an entire school year with two different History classes (one representing the experimental group that followed the FC model and the other representing the control group following the traditional lecture based approach) was to compare the use of classroom time for student-centered learning activities and the resulted learning outcomes related to both traditional learning goals of a history course (that is, memorization of historical content) and more ambitious ones such as the cultivation of historical thinking skills (HTS). The study revealed that indeed, the classroom based sessions of the experimental group were used for engaging student-centered activities and that this resulted into better learning outcomes in terms of demonstrating critical HTS. Thus, this initial action research provides encouraging evidences for the potential benefits of the FC model in primary school social studies courses.
关键词:翻转课堂;模式小学;历史教学;历史思维能力
Keywords:Flipped classroom model;Primary school; History teaching;Historical thinking skills
介绍
在学校层面,传统的社会学科教学受到科技的使用和其他学科如科学、技术、工程和数学(STEM)采用探究性教学策略的挑战。通常,在传统的历史、社会研究学校课程中,强调记忆大量的历史内容,即姓名、日期和事实,使得这些课程对学生的吸引力降低。此外,许多历史、社会研究学校的教师采用传统的教学策略,利用大部分的课堂时间讲课和评估学生的记忆能力。因此,学生没有积极参与促进其历史批判性思维发展的学习和评估活动。也有人认为,学生对历史知识、主要来源、人的动机和历史变化有共同的误解,这是传统教学策略难以克服的。因此,通过利用创新的教学设计支持的数字技术,在系统的努力下,幼儿园到十二年级的孩子的历史社会研究的教学、学习和评估方面得以加强。
另一方面,翻转课堂模式在过去的几年中日益突出,作为一项受到技术支持的教学创新,教师传统的授课方式是在课堂时间之外进行非同步视频授课,并利用课堂时间让学生积极参与互动式学习活动,其中包括教师的个性化反馈和脚手架。尽管在高等教育和学科中广泛采用了翻转课堂模式(Bishop&Verleger,2013; Keengwe和Onchwari,2015; Sergis等,2017),在小学,特别是在历史、社会研究课程中,研究其应用情况的研究仍然有限。
本文认为,在小学历史课程中采用翻转课堂模式,可以更有效地利用课堂时间,提高学生的学习体验和学习成绩。因此,本文报告了为研究这一假设而进行的行动研究的设计和结果,并为翻转课堂模型的附加值提供了证据。
论文的其余部分结构如下:背景部分概述了翻转课堂模型及其在历史、社会课程学校教学中的实施情况。行动研究方法部分介绍了行动研究的方法和研究问题。教育设计部分描述了在行动研究中使用的教育干预的设计。结果部分介绍了与这两个研究问题相关的研究结果,最后,讨论和未来的工作部分讨论了所吸取的经验教训,并概述了未来的潜在研究。
背景
翻转课堂模式是一种新兴的混合学习模式,广泛应用于学校和大学的正规教育环境中。翻转课堂的目标是根据合理的教学理论原则,利用课堂时间和空间,根据学生个人和群体的需要,进行适当设计的互动学习活动(delozieramp;Rhodes,2016年)。本节概述了数字技术在学校历史教学和学习中的应用,以及在K-12的历史、社会研究中应用翻转课堂模型的情况。
技术支持K-12的历史教学和学习
与所有学科一样,教育技术在社会研究中的整合也在不断增加(Lee&Friedman,2009)。据报道,在过去十年中,许多历史教师对将数字技术应用到课堂中犹豫不决,仍然依赖教科书和他们自己的教学历史讲座(Scheuerell,2015)。调查显示,一些教师对技术的有效性持怀疑态度,而其他教师则表示担心他们为设计新活动和材料所需的时间以及他们应该获得的技术能力(Townsend,2010)。
另一方面,研究表明数字技术在学校层面的社会研究中与历史批判性思维技能的发展有关(Green et al。,2013)。为此,历史课堂中使用了各种各样的数字技术。例如,数字图书馆允许教师和学生自由查看和下载在课堂上使用是主要和次要来源,使学生有可能检查历史背景的不同观点(Scheuerell,2015)。模拟,论坛,维基,博客,纪录片制作,社交媒体,白板,网络任务和投票技术是历史教师一直在努力将历史课堂转变为以学生为中心的环境的工具(Haydn等, 2014)。因此,K-12历史教学和学习现在广泛地利用数字技术是确信无疑的。
在K-12中使用翻转课堂模式进行历史教学和学习
翻转课堂模型仅在中学或高中课程的历史和社会研究中偶尔实施。通常,在这样的实施中,学生在上课之前观看视频讲座。除了课程教材中提供的材料外,这些视频的目的是展示历史内容。这些视频讲座与课堂时间密切相关,旨在激发学生对课堂活动的兴趣(Gaughan,2014)。视频讲座通常由教师用叙述,辅以文本丰富的地图,注释和图像制作。为了创建和分发视频,运用了广泛使用的工具,例如iTunes和YouTube(Kotlik,2014)。
另一方面,基于课堂的面对面会议用于讨论之前观看的视频讲座,以及其他学生参与的任务,如主要和次要来源分析,辩论,同行评审或模拟(Bergmann& Sams,2012)。根据案例研究,据报道,更多的历史教师倾向于采用流行的翻转掌握系统,根据该系统,学生必须使用他们自己证明学业成绩的方法证明对内容的掌握(Bergmann&Sams,2014)。
在使用翻转课堂模型的历史课程中,重点在于历史思维技能的培养。当学生与材料互动时,他们学习如何使用与自己不同的历史背景和观点,发展批判性的历史思维技能,分析和假设,以及一般充当历史学家(Gaughan,2014; Bergmann&Sams,2015)。因此,历史内容的记忆只是一个次要的学习目标,因为大多数目标都涉及技能发展(Fulton,2014)。
关于历史课程中翻转课堂教学方法的评估,研究报告了学生在历史内容记忆和历史批判性思维技能培养方面的学习成果的改善。此外,学生和教师对翻转课堂模式表现出积极的态度。因为它增加了兴趣和参与度,使学生在学习上更负责任(Fielding,2005; Gaughan,2014; Bergmann &Sams,2015)。
在此背景下,本研究报告了行动研究的设计和实施,以便提供关于翻转课堂模式对面对面课堂教学时间的利用以及学生的影响的额外证据。以下部分概述了本工作中采用的行动研究方法。
行动研究方法
使用 McKernan的模型( McKernan, 1991)设计并进行了行动研究。该模型是科学探究的一种形式(McKernan,1988),符合Lewin的四个原始行动研究阶段:计划,行动,观察和反思(Lewin,1948),与此同时也增加了螺旋流,允许研究人员反思并重新设计他的行动研究。它为行动研究人员提供了通过新的行动周期和再次完成所有阶段并将其他元素纳入研究的机会。本节介绍研究的一般目的和研究问题,以及研究的背景和参与者的特征。此外,还描述了两个行动研究周期的阶段。该部分以研究仪器的描述以及数据收集和分析方法结束。
研究问题
行动研究的一般目的是调查翻转课堂模型的实施在多大程度上可以改善学生的学习成果,并且可以更好地利用课堂时间。更具体地说,我们的范围是比较以学生为中心的学习活动的课堂时间的使用以及与历史课程的传统学习目标(即记忆历史内容)和更具野心的学习目标(如历史内容的记忆)相关的学习成果。培养历史思维技能(HTS),介于两个不同的历史课程之间(一个遵循翻转课堂模型,另一个遵循传统的基于讲座的方法)。因此,定义了以下研究问题:
1.在小学历史课程中实施FC模型是否会导致课堂时间用于更多以学生为中心的活动?
2.与传统的教学策略相比,这是否有助于提高学生的学习成果?
第一个研究问题涉及课堂教学时间的利用。我们认为,在历史教学中,当它适应以学生为中心的活动时,可以更好地利用课堂时间。这些活动可以促进布鲁姆修订的分类学的更高层次的认知目标,如分析,评估和创造(Krathwohl,2002),而不是促进布鲁姆分类学较低层次的认知目标,例如记忆。翻转课堂模式被认为具有允许教师促进此类学习和评估活动的能力,因为它通过将基于讲座的内容交付移出课堂时间来释放时间(Bergman&Sams,2012)。对于要研究的第二个研究问题,需要选择学习目标。行动研究的具体学习目标在“教育设计”部分中有明确说明。
研究背景
该研究是在小学的两个学期(24周)的历史课程中进行的。更具体地说,希腊小学国家课程五年级的“罗马和拜占庭历史”课程是本研究的背景。简而言之,该课程的教学大纲涵盖了从罗马人对希腊征服到土耳其人征服君士坦丁堡的长达十六个世纪(公元前146年 - 公元1453年)。这包括学生必须记忆的大量名称,日期和事实,此外,教科书涉及到与学生迄今为止的认知经历相关的挑战性词汇。因此,需要遵循这样一个教学大纲的教师面临前面章节中概述的所有困难。行动研究旨在调查翻转课堂模型的实施是否可以为这一教育问题提供解决方案。
参与者
该研究的参与者是49名11岁的学生,他们在希腊 - 希腊 - 法国“Jeanne dArc”
剩余内容已隐藏,支付完成后下载完整资料
附外文文献原文:
An Action Research Study from Implementing the Flipped Classroom Model in Primary School History Teaching and Learning
Abstract The benefits of the flipped classroom (FC) model in studentsrsquo; learning are claimed in many recent studies.These benefits are typically accounted to the pedagogically efficient use of classroom time for engaging students in active learning. Although there are several relevant studies for the deployment of the FC model in Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM) subjects, and at Higher Education and/or High School, there are very few works studying FC in social studies and at primary school level. This paper presents an action research focused on the implementation of the FC model in teaching social studies in primary school. The main scope of this action research, conducted over an entire school year with two different History classes (one representing the experimental group that followed the FC model and the other representing the control group following the traditional lecture based approach) was to compare the use of classroom time for student-centered learning activities and the resulted learning outcomes related to both traditional learning goals of a history course (that is, memorization of historical content) and more ambitious ones such as the cultivation of historical thinking skills (HTS). The study revealed that indeed, the classroom based sessions of the experimental group were used for engaging student-centered activities and that this resulted into better learning outcomes in terms of demonstrating critical HTS. Thus, this initial action research provides encouraging evidences for the potential benefits of the FC model in primary school social studies courses.
Keywords Flipped classroom model, Primary school, History teaching,
Historical thinking skills
Introduction
Traditional teaching of social studies at school level is challenged by both the use of technology and the adoption of inquiry-based teaching strategies in other subjects, such as Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) (Bishop amp; Verleger, 2013; Hwang et al., 2015; Keengwe amp; Onchwari, 2015). Typically, in traditional history/social studies school curricula, emphasis is given in memorizing large amounts of historical content namely, names, dates and facts, making these courses less attractive to students (Fielding, 2005). Furthermore, still, many history/social studies school teachers adopt traditional teaching strategies, using most of the classroom time for lecturing and assessing studentsrsquo; ability to memorize content. As a result, students do not actively engage in learning and assessment activities that promote their historical/critical thinking development (Gaughan, 2014). It is also argued that students have common misconceptions about historical knowledge, primary sources, human motivation and historical change which are not easily overcome with traditional teaching strategies (Epstein, 2012). As a result, there are systematic efforts to enhance teaching, learning and assessment of history and social studies at K-12, by exploiting innovative pedagogical designs supported by digital technologies (Lyons, 2008).
On the other hand, the FC model has gained prominence over the past years, as a technology-supported pedagogical innovation which uses classroom time for students to actively engage in interactive learning activities, including personalized feedback and scaffolding from the teacher, while teachersrsquo; traditional lecturing is delivered out of the classroom time with asynchronous video lectures (Chen et al., 2014). Despite the wide take-up of the FC model in Higher Education and STEM subjects (Bishop amp; Verleger, 2013; Keengwe amp; Onchwari, 2015; Sergis et al., 2017), there are limited efforts in studying its application in primary school and in history/social studies courses, in particular.
In this paper, it is argued that adopting the FC model in a primary school history course has the potential to use classroom time in a more efficient way, leading to enhanced studentsrsquo; learning experiences and outcomes. Therefore, the paper reports on the design and results of an action research implemented to investigate this hypothesis and provide evidence on the added value of the FC model.
The remainder of the paper is structured as follows: the Background section presents an overview of the FC model and its implementation in teaching history/social studies school courses. The Action Research Method section presents the methodology and research questions of the action research. The Educational Design section describes the design of the educational intervention used in the action research. The Results section presents the findings obtained in relation to the two research questions and, finally, the Discussion and Future Work section discusses the lessons learnt and outlines potential future research.
Background
The FC model is an emerging blended learning model widely used both in school and university formal educational settings. Based on sound pedagogical theoretical principles, FC targets to exploit classroom time and space for appropriately designed interactive learning activities differentiated according to individual and group studentsrsquo; needs (DeLozier amp; Rhodes, 2016). This section presents an overview of the use of digital technologies in school history teaching and learning, and the implementation of the FC model in K-12 history/social studies.
Technology supported history teaching and learning in K-12
As in all disciplines, the integration of educational technologies in social studies is constantly increasing (Lee amp; Friedman, 2009). Over the past decade, many history teachers are reported to be hesitant to adopt digita
剩余内容已隐藏,支付完成后下载完整资料
资料编号:[278061],资料为PDF文档或Word文档,PDF文档可免费转换为Word
课题毕业论文、文献综述、任务书、外文翻译、程序设计、图纸设计等资料可联系客服协助查找。