民国时期杭州的贫困儿童救(1929-1937）外文翻译资料

The Ascent of Chinese Charity

原文作者：GAO HUAJUN

摘要

中国的慈善组织在抗震救灾，扶贫，教育，残疾援助等方面发挥着越来越大的作用。但慈善事业今天在中国社会中的地位如何？ 那么非政府组织如何处理政府呢？

每天都有慈善活动：

去年四月对雅安地震的应急反应突显了自2008年汶川地震以来非政府组织救援和援助能力取得的进展，其中包括功夫巨星李连杰的壹基金，该基金会建立了全国性的救灾网络。

非政府组织在2008年汶川大地震后首次出现作为救灾的新生力量。在这五年中，非政府组织在政府的支持和鼓励下，变得更加强大和有影响力。

三方面的例子表明他们的进步。首先是非政府组织募集的捐款数量 - 2007年这一数字为309亿人民币，2008年飙升至1070亿人民币，2009年下降后，2010年再次超过1000亿人民币大关 - 注册人数的增长基金会，私营非企业组织和社会组织从2007年底的38,690个增加到2012年的489,000个。其次是从事公益活动的有影响力的私人基金会的出现，以及筹资能力的扩大。这些基金会已经成为建立现代慈善体系的试点。第三是公共服务的公众参与日益增加，私人小额捐款急剧增加，以及现在以志愿者身份工作的数千万人表现出色。

微观公益在中国所发挥的稳定的影响和变化对于发展这一事业是不可或缺的。便捷的互联网接入和自动化多媒体终端的蓬勃使用构成了交流信息和捐款的经济，快捷的工具。志愿服务的复苏和社会责任意识的提高，也使更多的中国人认识到，每个人都可以为公益事业尽一份力。

这种福利很容易传播，并使所有社会部门都能获得公共福利。但要取得成功，它必须既要有条理，又要有适当的指导。以壹基金为例。它运行一个系统，个人通过支付各种支付平台（如银联，财付通，支付宝，Paypal和Quick Money）每月捐赠一元。该基金会被广泛接受，并声称是雅安地震后最大的小额捐款收藏家。然而，一个有效的慈善机构不仅仅要求善意。最近发生地震后，某些志愿者和小型公共服务组织缺乏专业知识和对救灾至关重要的技术支持。也是与当地政府沟通并与大型非政府组织合作的能力。这样的小服装对资源有限，所以增加当地居民的负担无济于事。将微观公益融入国家现代慈善网络，消除了这些基本问题。

非政府组织和政府一起工作：

郭美美的丑闻，当一名自称中国红十字会公司总经理的年轻女子在她的博客上吹嘘自己的奢侈生活方式时，该国最大的慈善团体陷入了信任危机。虽然后来的调查显示，她的工作和神话般的财产故事是纯粹的幻想，多年后，该组织仍在努力澄清其名称。

但这样的政府支持的公益组织应该客观地考虑这样的危机。公共服务环境发生了巨大变化，无疑是公益呼吁改革的结果。

政府的支持赋予这些公共服务组织许多优势。它们包括各领域专业人员的广泛网络和长期建立的专业系统的累积收益。另一方面，这些组织规模大，历史悠久，因此发展了一定的路径依赖性。这使得它们在应对剧烈变化时变得笨拙和缓慢，同时占用不成比例的资源份额。因此，彻底改革是削减繁文and节和振兴体系的当务之急。中国扶贫基金会就是这方面取得成功的一个例子。它进行了改革，将其人力资源私有化和市场化，并简化管理，使其成为为慈善事业设计的现代系统。

除了信任危机威胁之外，非政府组织也面临着信息透明度和公众监督的要求。为了正确履行职责，有政府支持的非政府组织和慈善组织需要专业配备和组织。他们必须致力于能力建设，同时保持健全的行政结构和规范，透明的运作。这些非政府组织获得了更多的公众信任，而不是其政府所属的同行表示中国慈善事业的快速发展，过渡时期的结束以及为新的慈善环境而改变的结构性变化。但是，这并不是说在管理，信息传播和其他因素方面，非政府组织必然超越政府支持的组织。

所需的专业性：

现代慈善事业始于西方发达国家。它已经发展成为以高度专业化为特征的精心构建的系统。其中，美国是最发达的国家。突出的例子是洛克菲勒基金会和卡内基基金会，它们都致力于为人类服务和改善社会超过100年。中国可以从这些组织中学到很多东西，尤其是他们既经历了经济繁荣，又因为他们不仅花钱而且赚钱。这些实体通过各代精英负责人的运作和投资，在为慈善机构建立和资助慈善事业时积累了财富，从而创造了良性的发展周期。

比尔盖茨，沃伦巴菲特等新贵族和慈善家继承了慈善活动，并使他们成为全球社会使命。受创新硅谷精神的启发，已经建立了慈善理念和模式，如创业慈善，影响力投资和社会创业等等。美国的许多社区基金会通过高效，广泛和组织良好的筹资模式，利用当地资源解决社会问题。

相比之下，中国的慈善事业处于起步阶段。公众对现代慈善事业不熟悉。与商业公司一样，某些政策通过要求他们缴纳税款来阻碍公共服务基金会和其他社会组织的进步。捐赠股东权益也需缴纳税款。此外，公共基金会还必须为上一个纳税年度收到的慈善事业捐赠70％或更多的捐款，而从私人捐款中提取的捐款占8％。毫无疑问，中国的慈善家表示可以允许在这里建立基金会，但不能成长。

同时，公众并不赞成公共服务和商业相结合，也不承认慈善组织可以赚钱。事实上，收入可以周期性地转化为慈善事业。一些公共服务机构不熟悉市场化的投资业务，而且缺乏专门从事援助和日常运营的基金会。他们规模小，能力薄弱。所有这些缺陷都需要立即补救。

外文文献出处：《China Today》2013年07期

附外文文献原文：

The Ascent of Chinese Charity

Abstract

CHINESE charities are playing ever-greater roles in earthquake relief, poverty alleviation,education,disability aid and other causes.But where does philanthropy stand in Chinese society today? And how do non-governmental organizations deal with the government?

Charity on a Daily Basis
　　The emergency response to the Ya an earthquake last April highlighted the strides that NGO rescue and aid capabilities have made since the Wenchuan earthquake of 2008. Among them is Kung Fu star Jet Lirsquo;s One Foundation， which has established a nationwide disaster relief network.
　　NGOs first appeared as a new force for disaster relief after the Wenchuan earthquake of 2008. In the five years since，NGOs，with support and encouragement from the government， have become stronger and more influential.
　　Three aspects exemplify their progress. The first is the amount of donations that NGOs raise – the figure was RMB 30.9 billion in 2007，soared to RMB 107 billion in 2008 and， after a dip in 2009， again surpassed the RMB 100 billion mark in 2010 – and the growth of registered foundations， private nonenterprise organizations and social organizations from 38，690 at the end of 2007 to 489，000 in 2012. Second is the emergence of influential private foundations engaged in public welfare programs， and the expansion of their fundraising capacities. These foundations have acted as pilots for the establishment of a modern charity system. Third is the growing public participation in public services，apparent in the dramatic increase in private small-sum donations，and the tens of millions of people who now work as volunteers.
　　The steady influence and change that micro public welfare has wielded in China has been integral to developing this cause. Easy Internet access and the thriving use of automated multi-media terminals constitute an economical，speedy tool for both exchanging information and making donations. The resurgence of volunteerism and growing awareness of social responsibilities have also brought more Chinese people to the understanding that everyone can do his or her bit for the public good.
　　This type of welfare is easy to disseminate and makes public welfare accessible to all social sectors. But to be successful it must be both well organized and appropriately guided. Take the One Foundation as an example. It operates a system whereby individuals donate one yuan each month through the support of various payment platforms， such as Unionpay， Tenpay， Alipay， Paypal， and Quick Money. The foundation is widely accepted among the public and claims to have been the biggest collector of small-sum donations in the aftermath of the Yarsquo;an earthquake. An effective charity， however， demands more than just good will. Certain individual volunteers and small public service organizations that operated after recent earthquakes lacked the professional knowhow and technical support vital to disaster relief. Also the capacity to communicate with local governments and cooperate with larger NGOs. Such small outfits impose on limited resources， so adding to the burden of local residents to no avail. Integrating micro public welfare into the countryrsquo;s modern charity network eliminates these fundamental problems.

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The Ascent of Chinese Charity

Abstract

CHINESE charities are playing ever-greater roles in earthquake relief, poverty alleviation,education,disability aid and other causes.But where does philanthropy stand in Chinese society today? And how do non-governmental organizations deal with the government?

Charity on a Daily Basis
　　The emergency response to the Ya an earthquake last April highlighted the strides that NGO rescue and aid capabilities have made since the Wenchuan earthquake of 2008. Among them is Kung Fu star Jet Lirsquo;s One Foundation， which has established a nationwide disaster relief network.
　　NGOs first appeared as a new force for disaster relief after the Wenchuan earthquake of 2008. In the five years since，NGOs，with support and encouragement from the government， have become stronger and more influential.
　　Three aspects exemplify their progress. The first is the amount of donations that NGOs raise – the figure was RMB 30.9 billion in 2007，soared to RMB 107 billion in 2008 and， after a dip in 2009， again surpassed the RMB 100 billion mark in 2010 – and the growth of registered foundations， private nonenterprise organizations and social organizations from 38，690 at the end of 2007 to 489，000 in 2012. Second is the emergence of influential private foundations engaged in public welfare programs， and the expansion of their fundraising capacities. These foundations have acted as pilots for the establishment of a modern charity system. Third is the growing public participation in public services，apparent in the dramatic increase in private small-sum donations，and the tens of millions of people who now work as volunteers.
　　The steady influence and change that micro public welfare has wielded in China has been integral to developing this cause. Easy Internet access and the thriving use of automated multi-media terminals constitute an economical，speedy tool for both exchanging information and making donations. The resurgence of volunteerism and growing awareness of social responsibilities have also brought more Chinese people to the understanding that everyone can do his or her bit for the public good.
　　This type of welfare is easy to disseminate and makes public welfare accessible to all social sectors. But to be successful it must be both well organized and appropriately guided. Take the One Foundation as an example. It operates a system whereby individuals donate one yuan each month through the support of various payment platforms， such as Unionpay， Tenpay， Alipay， Paypal， and Quick Money. The foundation is widely accepted among the public and claims to have been the biggest collector of small-sum donations in the aftermath of the Yarsquo;an earthquake. An effective charity， however， demands more than just good will. Certain individual volunteers and small public service organizations that operated after recent earthquakes lacked the professional knowhow and technical support vital to disaster relief. Also the capacity to communicate with local governments and cooperate with larger NGOs. Such small outfits impose on limited resources， so adding to the burden of local residents to no avail. Integrating micro public welfare into the countryrsquo;s modern charity network eliminates these fundamental problems.
　　 NGOs and Government Work Together
　　The Guo Meimei scandal，when a young woman claiming to be general manager of a company affiliated to the Red Cross Society of China boasted on her blog about her luxury lifestyle， plunged the countryrsquo;s largest charitable group into a crisis of trust. Although later investigations showed that the story about her job and fabulous possessions was pure fantasy， years later the organization is still struggling to clear its name.
　　But crises such as this that public welfare organizations with government backing face should be considered objectively. The public service environment has since changed dramatically， undoubtedly as a result of public calls for reforms amid the rapid development of public welfare.
　　Government backing endows many advantages on such public service organizations. They include a far-reaching network of professionals in all fields and the accumulated benefits of a long-established professional system. On the other hand， these organizations are large in scale and long established， and have consequently developed certain path dependence. This makes them unwieldy and slow to respond to dramatic changes while at the same time occupying a disproportionate share of resources. Sweeping reforms， therefore， are imperative to cut red tape and revitalize the system. The China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation is one example of success in this respect. It has carried out reforms to privatize and marketize its human resources and streamline management， so making it a modern system designed for charitable causes.
　　In addition to the threat of trust crises， NGOs also face demands for information transparency and public supervision. To perform their duties properly， both NGOs and charitable organizations with government backing are expected to be professionally equipped and organized. They must be committed to capacity building while maintaining a sound administrative structure and standardized， transparent operations.

That NGOs have achieved greater public trust than their government-affiliated peers signifies the fast development of Chinarsquo;s charities， the end of the transitional period， and structural changes that have made way for a new charitable environment. This， however， is not to say that NGOs necessarily surpass government-supported organizations as regards administration，information dissemination and other factors.
　　The public has pressed for restoration of the nongovernmental aspect of charitable organizations，in expectations of a more autonomous，free-spirited voluntary institut

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