鬼才之音: 李贺诗歌中的听觉描写外文翻译资料

 2022-12-27 04:12

Listening to the Ghostly Genius:

The Auditory Depiction in Li Hersquo;s Poetry

by

Yu WEN

A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

Master of Arts

Approved April 2015 by the

Graduate Supervisory Committee:

Stephen H. West, Chair

Xiaoqiao Ling

Young Kyun Oh

ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY

May 2015

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ABSTRACT

Li He (790-816), an outstanding poet full of literary talent in classical Chinese poem history, his poignant words, incredible literary construction, nether artistic conception and nuanced peculiar poem style owned him the reputation of “ghostly, demonic genius”鬼才. Scholars demonstrated that his ghostly and demonic style has much to do with the special imagery and allusion in his poetry. However, this kind of ghostly appeal of literature exactly have much to do with the large quantity of sensory vocabulary that the poet is expert in using in his poems, which evokes resonance from the readers/audiences. Li He fuses visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory and tactile sensation in his poems, building up his special writing style, evoking and creating a sensorial space for readers. The thesis concentrates on analyzing the sensory vocabulary in Li Hersquo;s poetry, sonic depiction in particular, which are rarely discussed before, based on which making further conclusion about the artistic conception and the special style of Li Hersquo;s poetry.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACThellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;i

DEDICATIONhellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;...ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENThellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;...hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................iv

LIST OF TABLEShellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;vi

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTIONhellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;...hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.1

CHAPTER 2

2.1 FEELING FROM NATURE: A LAMENTABLE MAN OF MIMICKINGhellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;..hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;9

2.2 TABLE 1: LINES OF NATRUAL SOUND IN LI HErsquo;S

POEM CORPUShellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;..15

CHAPTER 3

3.1 SUPERNATURAL CREATION: CRYING OUT OF

UNEASINESShellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;..22

3.2 TABLE 2: LINES OF SUPERNATURAL SOUND IN LI

HErsquo;S POEM CORPUShellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.33

CHAPTER 4

4.1 INDULGENCE IN MUSIC: WRITING INTO

SYNAESTHESIAhellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;39

4.2 TABLE 3: LINES OF CULTURAL SOUND IN LI HErsquo;S

POEM CORPUShellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;..49

CHAPTER 5

SOUNDLESS WEEPING: THE SILENCE OF

REPRESSIONhellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;..54

CHAPTER 6

CONLUSIONhellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.69

BIBLIOGRAPHY...............................................................................................72

LIST OF TABLES

Tables Page

1. Lines of natural sound in Li Hersquo;s poem corpushellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.hellip;hellip;..15

2. Lines of supernatural sound in Li Hersquo;s poem corpushellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.hellip;hellip;..33

3. Lines of cultural sound in Li Hersquo;s poem corpushellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;...hellip;hellip;........49

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

With the reading experiences we got from poetry, it is clear that poetry is an exploration of different worlds and of languages used by the poets; the choice of “what to write,” as in motifs, images, and allusions, and “how to write,” as in language and ways of expression together build up to a certain poetrsquo;s writing style.

As for the poetry of mid-Tang and late-Tang, after the extreme abundance of high-Tang poetry, the writing style of poets in this time period, as generally considered, developed in two opposite directions: “plain and easy” (ping yi) and “steep and strange” (xian guai). As we all know, Bai Juyi(772-846) and Yuan Zhen(779-831) are viewed as the representative poets of the former while Han Yu(768-824) and Meng Jiao(751-814) represent the latter. As a Ming scholar, Tan Yuanchun(1586-1637) commented on the mid-Tang poetry:

The transformation of poetry has already reached its extremity in the high-Tang. As for later those who distinguished themselves from others, naturally the school of Dongye (Meng Jiao) and Changji (Li He) cannot be lacked.[1]

Li He (790-816), as an eminent poet with a “strange and steep” writing style, has his own style, dictated by his choices in both “what to write” and“how to write.” According to his writing style, though he was grouped into the school of Han and Meng, he has his own approach to make himself prominent among those people. As for the images he used and the high aspiration shown in his poems, the comments of later generations have reached to a high degree of uniformity. For instance, the monk Qi Ji(863-937) said in his poem of “Reading the Lyric Collection of Li He” ,“With much craziness, he overthrow the Penglai island, the coral was exhausted picked and only the empty mound was left.” [2]he monk Dao Qian (1044-1114?) in his po

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鬼才之音:

李贺诗歌中的听觉描写

Yu WEN

论文是部分完成

文学硕士学位

的要求

2015年4月

通过研究生监察委员会

Stephen H. West, Chair

Xiaoqiao Ling

Young Kyun Oh

亚利桑那州立大学

二零一五年五月

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摘要

李贺(790 - 816),一位中国古典诗歌历史上充满文学天赋杰出的诗人,他的深刻的话语,令人难以置信的文学建设的意境和微妙独特的诗歌风格,使他拥有 “幽灵,恶魔天才”鬼才的称号。学者表明,他的“鬼才”的风格与他的诗歌的特殊意象和暗示有许多需要研究。然而,这种幽灵般的文学的魅力与大量的感官词汇在他诗中的使用有很大关系,能够唤起读者和观众的共鸣。李贺在他的诗歌中融合了视觉,听觉,嗅觉,味觉和触觉,建立了他的特别的写作风格,为读者唤起和创造了一个知觉的空间。本论文集中分析了感官词汇在李贺的诗歌中的运用,尤其是对声音的描绘,在此之前也很少有讨论,在这些基础上进一步做出有关李贺诗歌中他的意境和特殊风格的总结。

目录

页码

摘要hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;i

献词hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;ii

谢词hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;iii

目录hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;iv

附录hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;vi

第一章

李贺简介hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;1

第二章

2.1来自自然界的感觉:

一个可悲的模仿者 hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;9

2.2表一:

李贺诗集中的自然之音hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;15

第三章

3.1超自然创作:

哭泣的不安hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;22

3.2表二:

李贺诗集中的诡奇之音hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;33

第四章

4.1在音乐中沉溺:

通感hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;39

4.2表三:

李贺诗集中的文化之音hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;49

第五章

无声的啜泣:

心理上的压抑hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;54

第六章

总结hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;69

参考文献hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;72

附录

表格 页码1. 李贺诗集中的自然之音hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;15

2. 李贺诗集中的诡奇之音hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;33

3. 李贺诗集中的文化之音hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;49

第一章

李贺简介

随着我们从诗歌获得的阅读体验,很明显,诗歌是对诗人所使用的不同世界和语言的一种探索;选择“写什么”,如物象、意象和典故,以及“怎么写”,如语言和表达方式,以此来形成一个诗人特定的写作风格。

作为中唐和晚唐的诗歌,在盛唐诗歌的极端丰富之后,在这一时期诗人们的写作风格,普遍被认为,在向两个相反的方向发展:“浅显”(平易)和“奇陡”(险怪)。众所周知,白居易(772-846)和元稹(779-831)被视为前者的代表诗人,而韩愈(768-824)和孟郊(751-814)则是代表后者。作为明朝的一位学者,谭元春(1586-1637)对中唐诗歌的做出了以下评论:

诗家变化,盛唐已极,后又欲别出头地,自不得无东野、长吉一派。[1]

李贺(790 - 816),作为一位杰出的诗人,他有着自己“奇陡”写作风格,由他自己选择 “写什么”和“怎么写。”根据李贺写作风格,虽然他属于韩孟诗派,但是他有方法来让自己从其中突出出来。至于他诗歌中所使用的意象和所蕴含的远大抱负,后世对此的评论已经达到高度的统一。譬如,和尚齐己[2](863 - 937)在他的诗《读李贺歌集》中说道,“狂多两手掀蓬莱,珊瑚掇尽空土堆。”而和尚道潜[3]在其《观明发画李贺高轩过图》中说道“笔力障百川,风澜息其狂。”从这两个例子中,我们可以看出来,李贺的作品充满了力量甚至夹杂着一种疯狂的状态,然而他的措辞却非常精致,可以与一个色彩斑斓的珊瑚宝藏相媲美。李纲(1083-1140)在他的《读李长吉诗》中提到,“长吉工乐府,字字皆雕锼。”[4]对于李贺诗歌中的意象和用典,张耒在他的诗作《李贺宅》中写道,“独爱诗篇超物象,只因山水与精神。”[5] 对于那些好的诗歌和著作,不仅是需要典故的运用或者前人的经验,更重要的是,自己应该提出别人没有探索出来的领域。而李贺正是因为做了别人所不能做的事情,所以他才赢得了“鬼才”的称号。让李贺的诗歌如此有价值的是,他发现了一个特殊的方式来表达他自己内心的情感。他的这种创作不仅在于他的诗歌的内容,也在于思想情感,主题意蕴,意象等的方式,他的表达方式更值得我们关注,尤其是在艺术层面。除了使用大量的“险辞”和 “神”,“鬼”,“诡”和“怪”的意象来创作的诗歌文本,应该可能还有其他因素对李贺产生了很大的影响,促成了他的特殊的“诡奇”写作风格的形成。

学者们十分注重李贺诗歌中的主题、意象和典故,以“鬼”“神”来识别它们。[6]诚然,在李贺的诗歌中,奇怪的和不熟悉的主题和意象的存在大大有助于他的写作风格的形成。当然我们在处理一个特定的诗的时候,不能避免谈论“写什么”。然而,笔者在此想强调的是“如何写”,而不是讨论意象和典故。换句话说,也就是探索他使用的语言和表达方式,希望能够明确李贺他特殊的写作风格。

通过阅读一个和李贺同辈的人的评论,我们也许可以从其中得出一个概论。杜牧(803-852)在《李长吉歌诗集序》中写道:

云烟绵联,不足为其态也;水之迢迢,不足为其情也;春之盎盎,不足为其和也;秋之明洁,不足为其格也;风樯阵马,不足为其勇也;瓦棺篆鼎,不足为其古也;时花美女,不足为其色也;荒国陊殿,梗莽丘垄,不足为其怨恨悲愁也;鲸吸鳌掷,牛鬼蛇神,不足为其虚荒幻诞也。盖骚之苗裔,理虽不及,辞或过之。[7]

当涉及到“怎样写”的时候,在李贺诗歌中的一个方面就是感觉的表达方式。作为一个极其敏感的人,在他的诗歌作品,李贺他调动了许多的感觉,包括视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉和触觉。在笔者看来,正是由于完美地使用和操纵了这些表达感官的词,才让李贺的“奇诡险怪”的写作风格形成。在过去的研究中,学者们倾向于讨论视觉运用在他的诗歌中的运用和色彩词语在他的措辞中的使用。

就像约翰·戴维·弗罗德沙姆在他的书中列出了表示颜色的措辞和其使用频率一样,杜国清也做出了一张表格,以此来表现李贺对于使用色彩词的偏好。[8]由于视觉部分已经几乎完全被前人所讨论过了,笔者在此不再详细说明。然而,一些学者,不管是东方还是西方,都提到了听觉措辞在李贺的诗歌中突出使用。[9]在这些方面并没有阐述他的诗歌,并且也不曾有过详细讨论。因此,李贺的诗歌中的感觉词的运用,尤其是在声音方面,这需要更多的关注。根据笔者的研究,李贺的诗歌中的词语涉及“声音”的多达57% (见表# 1、2和3),这样的趋势在其他中国诗人的诗歌中是很少有的,因此这一主体可以被视为李贺的诗歌最突出的特征之一。

在李贺诗歌中,不同的声音的使用和意象一样,都对其诗歌风格的形成有很大的作用,正如明代学者王思任在他的《昌谷诗解序》中强调的那样:

喜用“鬼”字,“泣”字,“死”字,“血”字,如此之类hellip;hellip;时而蛩吟,时而鹦鹉语,时而作霜鹤唳,时而花肉媚眉,时而兵车铁马,时而宝鼎皜云,时而碧磷划电,阿闪片刻,不容方物。[10]

除了一些险辞和李贺诗歌在广泛使用的意象,如“鬼”,“泣”,“死”和“血”,王思任他的序言中,也提到了李贺的诗歌几种声音,这些声音主要来自大自然。

为了能够更好地对比,笔者找出所有的声音诗歌和描写或涉及声音的句子,并且将这些声音世界分成了三个部分:“自然的声音”、“超自然的声音”和“文化的声音”。此外,因为通常声音和沉默来也会联系在一起,沉默不应该被不应该划分出去,因此李贺的无声诗也将被讨论。因为没有关于李贺的听觉描述的任何广泛的研究,所以详尽的听觉来源是他的诗歌,笔者梳理和分类这些来源。基于这些来源,本研究将尝试探讨李贺诗歌中声音甚至沉默的语言的运用,并进一步总结出这些听觉描写是如何结合视觉、触觉等感觉,以此来建立他的诡异奇特写作风格。

第二章

2.1来自自然界的感觉:一个可悲的模仿者

“自然声音”是指从自然界各种各样的声音,可以用在任何诗人的诗歌中——没有什么花哨和奇怪的引用,但是这样根本不能形成“风格”的概念。然而,在这其中让李贺的诗歌突出来的是他选择表达的方式,即“他如何选择写”,选择那些特定的自然的声音。从自然到内心世界,李贺一直有自己的偏好。根据他自己的选择运用后,这些扭曲的声音和强烈的颜色一起展现了他内心的情感。通常,表达来自大自然的声音的方式是通过模仿人类来实现的。换句话说,他使用了拟人的修辞手法。具体地说,将这些声音人格化,并不是完全人类假想或人类的一般概念抽象,而是诗人自己。这就是为什么从大自然的声音在李贺的诗歌中常常夹杂着“哭”、“泣”等。这些声音直接反映出诗人内心的情感,总是悲伤、怨恨的诗人。在他的文集可以找到许多例子来体现这种表现方法,通过将大自然的声音人格化,形成陌生奇异的感觉是他的写作风格。虽然声音在他诗歌的拟人化是笔者听觉研究的重点之一,但是它不是要作详述的地方。

除了拟人手法的使用,另一个重大选择是在他的诗歌中频繁地使用了拟声词,这些词代表了大自然的声音,总是在以重复的形式出现。根据统计,拟声词的使用数是39,占总数的14% ,而大多数的拟声的措辞是重复的形式,占总量的79%。关于这个的统计表明,当处理声音的时候,他有模仿大自然的声音的倾向,把它们直接写入他的诗歌中,达成灵活的效果。众所

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