A Contrastive Study on the Ideologies in Utopia and Nineteen Eighty-Four外文翻译资料

UTOPIA

Thomas More

OF THEIR TOWNS, PARTICULARLY OF AMAUROT

'He that knows one of their towns knows them all--they are so like one another, except where the situation makes some difference. I shall therefore describe one of them, and none is so proper as Amaurot; for as none is more eminent (all the rest yielding in precedence to this, because it is the seat of their supreme council), so there was none of them better known to me, I having lived five years all together in it.

'It lies upon the side of a hill, or, rather, a rising ground. Its figure is almost square, for from the one side of it, which shoots up almost to the top of the hill, it runs down, in a descent for two miles, to the river Anider; but it is a little broader the other way that runs along by the bank of that river. The Anider rises about eighty miles above Amaurot, in a small spring at first. But other brooks falling into it, of which two are more considerable than the rest, as it runs by Amaurot it is grown half a mile broad; but, it still grows larger and larger, till, after sixty miles course below it, it is lost in the ocean. Between the town and the sea, and for some miles above the town, it ebbs and flows every six hours with a strong current. The tide comes up about thirty miles so full that there is nothing but salt water in the river, the fresh water being driven back with its force; and above that, for some miles, the water is brackish; but a little higher, as it runs by the town, it is quite fresh; and when the tide ebbs, it continues fresh all along to the sea. There is a bridge cast over the river, not of timber, but of fair stone, consisting of many stately arches; it lies at that part of the town which is farthest from the sea, so that the ships, without any hindrance, lie all along the side of the town. There is, likewise, another river that runs by it, which, though it is not great, yet it runs pleasantly, for it rises out of the same hill on which the town stands, and so runs down through it and falls into the Anider. The inhabitants have fortified the fountain-head of this river, which springs a little without the towns; that so, if they should happen to be besieged, the enemy might not be able to stop or divert the course of the water, nor poison it; from thence it is carried, in earthen pipes, to the lower streets. And for those places of the town to which the water of that small river cannot be conveyed, they have great cisterns for receiving the rain-water, which supplies the want of the other. The town is compassed with a high and thick wall, in which there are many towers and forts; there is also a broad and deep dry ditch, set thick with thorns, cast round three sides of the town, and the river is instead of a ditch on the fourth side. The streets are very convenient for all carriage, and are well sheltered from the winds. Their buildings are good, and are so uniform that a whole side of a street looks like one house. The streets are twenty feet broad; there lie gardens behind all their houses. These are large, but enclosed with buildings, that on all hands face the streets, so that every house has both a door to the street and a back door to the garden. Their doors have all two leaves, which, as they are easily opened, so they shut of their own accord; and, there being no property among them, every man may freely enter into any house whatsoever. At every ten years end they shift their houses by lots. They cultivate their gardens with great care, so that they have both vines, fruits, herbs, and flowers in them; and all is so well ordered and so finely kept that I never saw gardens anywhere that were both so fruitful and so beautiful as theirs. And this humor of ordering their gardens so well is not only kept up by the pleasure they find in it, but also by an emulation between the inhabitants of the several streets, who vie with each other. And there is, indeed, nothing belonging to the whole town that is both more useful and more pleasant. So that he who founded the town seems to have taken care of nothing more than of their gardens; for they say the whole scheme of the town was designed at first by Utopias, but he left all that belonged to

the ornament and improvement of it to be added by those that should come after him, that being too much for one man to bring to perfection. Their records, that contain the history of their town and State, are preserved with an exact care, and run backwards seventeen hundred and sixty years. From these it appears that their houses were at first low and mean, like cottages, made of any sort of timber, and were built with mud walls and thatched with straw. But now their houses are three storeys high, the fronts of them are faced either with stone, plastering, or brick, and between the facings of their walls they throw in their rubbish. Their roofs are flat, and on them they lay a sort of plaster, which costs very little, and yet is so tempered that it is not apt to take fire, and yet resists the weather more than lead. They have great quantities of glass among them, with which they glaze their windows; they use also in their windows a thin linen cloth, that is so oiled or gummed that it both keeps out the wind and gives free admission to the light.

OF THEIR MAGISTRATES

'Thirty families choose every year a magistrate, who was anciently called the Syphogrant, but is now called the Philarch; and over every ten Syphogrants, with the families subject to them, there is another magistrate, who was anciently called the Tranibore, but of late the Archphilarch. All the Syphogrants, who are in number two hundred, choose the Prince out of a list of four who are named by the people of the four divisions of the city; but they take an oath, before they proceed to an election, that they will choose him whom they think most fit for the office: they give him their voices secretly, so that it is not known for whom every one g

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乌托邦

托马斯·莫尔

一、关于城市，特别是亚马乌罗提城

我们只要熟悉其中一个城市，也就熟悉全部城市了。因为在地形所许可的范围内，这些城市一模一样。所以我将举一个城市来描写（究竟哪一个城市，无关紧要）但还有什么城比亚马乌罗提更适宜呢？首先，没有别的城市比它地位更高，其余城市都推它为元老院会议所在地。其次，没有别的城市最为我所熟悉，因为它是我住过整整五年的城市。

请听我说下去。亚马乌罗提位于一个不太陡的山坡上，几成正方形。它宽达两哩左右，从近山顶处蜿蜒而下，直达阿尼德罗河。它沿河部分延伸稍微长些。

阿尼德罗河发源于距城八十哩上游的一小股水，由于若干支流的汇注而河身加宽。其中两条支流水势颇大，使阿尼德罗河在城前流过时达半哩宽。稍远，河水更加浩阔，一泻六十哩，注入大海。从城到海这一段河道，甚至直到城那边的上游，每隔六小时有海水涨落，潮势凶猛。每当潮起，河水被迫后退，海水侵入河床达二十哩。这时，连远至三十哩之外，河水都是咸的。更上，水味渐淡，所以阿尼德罗河在城附近一段是不受海潮污染的。一旦潮退，河中澄清的水又流往下方到河口一带。

该城有桥通河的对岸，桥基不是用木桩而是用巨大的石拱建成。这个桥位置于距海最远的地方，因而船只可无妨碍地沿城的这一面全程航行。

这儿还另有一条小河，水流舒缓而怡人心目。它发源于城基所在的那座山穿过城的中部流入阿尼德罗河。由于这条河的源头在城郊，居民便在该处筑成外围工事，和城连接起来，以防一旦敌人进攻，河流不致被截断或改道，也不致被放毒污染。居民从源头用瓦管将水分流到城中较低各处。凡因地势而不适于安设水管的地方，有容积大的雨水池，同样称便。

绕城有高而厚的城墙，其上密布望楼和雉堞。城的三面筑有碉堡，其下周围是既阔且深的干壕，其中荆棘丛生，难以越过。剩下的一面就用那道河作为护城河。

街道的布局利于交通，也免于风害。建筑是美观的，排成长条，栉比相连，和街对面的建筑一样。各段建筑的住屋正面相互隔开，中间为二十。宽的大路。整段建筑的住屋后面是宽敞的花园，四围为建筑的背部，花园恰在其中。每家前门通街，后门通花园。此外，装的是折门，便于用手推开，然后自动关上，任何人可随意进入。因而，任何地方都没有一样东西是私产。事实上，他们每隔十年用抽签方式调换房屋。

乌托邦人酷爱自己的花园，园中种有葡萄、各种果树及花花草草，栽培得法，郁郁葱葱，果实之多及可口确为生平第一次见到。他们搞好花园的热忱，由于从中得到享乐以及各街区于此争奇斗胜而不断受到鼓励。一见而知，花园是对全城人民最富于实惠及娱乐性的事物。这个城的建立者所最爱护的似乎也是花园。

实际上，乌托邦人宣称，该城的全部设计是最初由乌托普国王本人拟出草图的。至于修饰加工，他看到这不是一个人毕生力量所能完成，就留给后代去做。他们纪事史长达一千七百六十年，写得翔实认真。史书载明，最初住屋低矮，与棚舍无异随便用任何到手的木料构成，围以泥墙。屋面陡斜，用草葺成。

今天则各户外观都很美，为三层的楼房。墙面用坚石或涂上泥灰，也有砖砌的，墙心用碎石填充。屋面为平顶，覆盖着一层廉价水泥，调制极精，可以防火，对于抵抗风暴又比铅板优越。他们用玻璃窗防风，玻璃在乌托邦使用极广；也间或用细麻布代玻璃装窗，布上涂透明的油料或琥珀。这个办法具有两个优点，光线较充足，抗风更有效。

二、关于官员

每三十户每年选出官员一人，在他们的古代语言中名叫摄护格朗特，在近代语言中叫飞拉哈。每十名摄护格朗特以及其下所掌管的各户隶属于一个高级的官员，过去称为特朗尼菩尔，现称为首席飞拉哈。

全体摄护格朗特共二百名，他们经过宣誓对他们认为最能胜任的人进行选举，用秘密投票方式公推一个总督，特别是从公民选用的候选人四名当中去推。因为全城四个区，每区提出一名总督候选人，准备提到议事会去。

总督为终身职，除非因有阴谋施行暴政嫌疑而遭废黜。特朗尼菩尔每年选举，但如无充分理由，无须更换。其他官员都是一年一选。

特朗尼菩尔每三天与总督商量公务，倘有必要，可以有时更频繁地接触。他们商讨国事。但如公民私人间发生纠纷这种情况是不多的、，他们总是及时处理。他们经常让两名摄护格朗特出席议事会，这两名每天不同。他们规定，任何涉及国家的事，在通过一项法令的三天前如未经议事会讨论，就得不到批准。在议事会外或在民众大会外议论公事，以死罪论。这种措施的目的，据他们说，是使总督及特朗尼菩尔不能轻易地共谋对人民进行专制压迫，从而变革国家的制度。因此，凡属认为重要的事都要提交摄护格朗特会议，由摄护格朗特通知各人所管理的住户，开会讨论，将决定报告议事会。有时问题须交全岛大会审议。

此外，议事会照例不在某一问题初次提出的当天讨论，而是留到下次会议上。他们一般这样作，以防止任何成员未经深思，信口议论，往后却是更多地考虑为自己的意见辩护，而不是考虑国家的利益。即宁可危害公共福利。而不愿使自己的名声遭受风险。其原因是出于坚持错误的不适当的面子观点。唯恐别人会认为他一开始缺乏预见，，其实他一开始本应充分预见到发言应该慎重而不应轻率。

三、关于乌托邦人的旅行等等

凡想到另一城市探望朋友或是从事游览的公民，可以很容易地得到摄护格朗特及特朗尼菩尔的准许，除非有充分理由不让他们去。因此，一批出行者组成出发，持有总督的文件，证明他们获得准许外出，上面规定了回来的日期。他们可领得一挂车，一名赶车驾牛的公共奴隶。不过如旅伴中无妇女，他们总是退车，认为有车反而累赘不便。他们在旅行全程中，什么都不带，却什么也不缺乏，因为到处象在自己家里。如他们在任何地方住留一天以上，每人就在当地干自己那一行的活，受到同业殷勤的款待。

任何人擅自越过本城辖区，被捕经查明未持有总督的文件后，遭遇是很不光彩的；他作为逃亡者被押回，严重处罚。

任何人轻率地重犯这个罪行被贬做奴隶。任何人如想到本城的郊区观光，只要自己的父亲允许，妻子赞同，不在禁止之列。不管他来到乡村中任何一个地区，他必须做完当天上午的活或晚餐前照例须做的活，然后他受到伙食款待。一个人只要遵守这个条件，可以随意访问本城辖区内任何地方。这样，他就如同仍然在那个城市中一样地作出贡献。

由此你可以看出，不管在那儿，不容许浪费时间或借口逃避工作。他们没有酒馆和烈性饮料店，没有妓院，没有腐化场所，没有藏垢纳污的暗洞，没有秘密集会的地方。相反，在众目睽睽之下，人们必须干通常的活，或是正当地消磨业余时间，既然这是一般风尚，所有的商品就势必异常丰富。商品又是在全部居民中均匀分配，任何人不至于变成穷人或乞丐。

在亚马乌罗提的元老院会议上（上面我说过，每座城市每年派来三名代表出席），他们首先确定某一特殊地区哪一类商品充足，然后又确定岛上哪些地区粮食歉收。他们立即在两地之间以有余济不足。这是无补偿的供应，他们不向受接济的一方有所需索。凡从自己的储存无报酬地支援某城市的人们，也可以从另一城市免费地取得他们所缺乏的任何东西。所以全乌托邦岛是一个家庭。

当乌托邦人做到本身供应充足后（由于第二年收成不可前定，他们要有两年的储备，才认为供应完成），他们将剩余运销到别的国家，有大宗谷物、蜂蜜、羊毛、亚麻、木材、大红和紫色染料、生皮、黄蜡、油脂、熟皮，以及牲口。他们把上述产品的七分之一送给这些国家的贫民，余下的廉价出售。

通过这样的交易，他们运回自己缺乏的商品（实际上缺乏的只有铁一项），而且运回大量金银。这样的贸易日复一日继续下去已经很久，以致他们国内到处都有大量金银，多到令人难以相信。结果，他们目下毫不计较是售货取得现款，还是用赊欠办法。实际上，他们是用赊欠出售大宗货物。然而他们对于一切信贷交易，不信任私人，必须有城市当局出面，照例签订合法文件。到了付还款项的一天，该城市当局向私人债户收齐欠款存入公库，在乌托邦人提取以前可将其作为资金使用。

其中大部分债务，乌托邦人从不索偿。这笔钱他们用不着，对别人却有用，因此他们认为将其从别人取去是不公平的。但如发生一种情况，使他们必须将这笔款项的一部分借给另一国家，他们就收回债款。当他们必须作战时也是如此。其唯一目的是，将他们所有的金钱储存在国内，作为极端危急时或突然事变中的保障。他们尤其用这些钱付出异乎寻常的高价召募外国雇佣兵（乌托邦人宁可使这种人上阵冒险，不肯使用本国公民），深知只要有大量钱币，甚至可以收买和出卖敌人，或使其互怀鬼胎或公开动武而彼此残杀。

出于以上军事的理由，乌托邦人储存了大宗金银，但不仅仅是作为金银。他们如何收藏金银，说出来实在令我感到难为情，唯恐我所说的难以取信。我的唯恐心理更证明是正当的，因为我明白，如果我未到过乌托邦亲眼看到这一现象，我也难以从别人的报告就对那点信而不疑。几乎不可避免地这是一条通例：听者对于自己越不习惯的东西，越是不信。然而一个看问题不偏的人既发现他们制度的其他一切方面与我们是如此不同，也许就不会那么觉得奇怪何以他们使用金银的方式适合于他们的生活习惯，而不必适合于我们的生活习惯。如上所说，他们自己不用钱，而是保存它以应付可能发生而又可能永不发生的突然事件。

同时，他们看待铸钱的金银，都只按其本身真实性质所应得的价值，不超过这个价值。尽人皆知，金银的有用性远逊于铁。无铁，犹如无火无水，人类难以生存。自然所赋予金银的全部用途，对我们都非必要，假如不是由于人们的愚蠢而被看成物希为贵。相反，自然如同仁慈而宽容的母亲一般，使一切最有用的东西都显露出来，像空气、水以及土本身，可是把所有空虚无益的东西尽量远之又远地从人类隔离开。

如果金银在乌托邦是锁藏在一座塔中，一般人出于胡猜乱想，会疑心这是总督及议事会的骗人诡计，企图自己从中取利。如果乌托邦人又将金银制成饮器以及类此的精巧工艺品，然后有必要又将其悉数熔毁以支付军饷，那么，他们明白，作为器皿的主人的老百姓是不愿让出一度心爱的东西的。

乌托邦人有鉴于此，想出一种符合于他们的其他一切制度的办法。我们如此重视黄金，如此小心翼翼地保护它，因此那个办法和我们的制度绝无相同之处，除身历其境者外，也无人相信。原来乌托邦人饮食是用陶器及玻璃器皿，制作考究而值钱无几；至于公共厅馆和私人住宅等地的粪桶溺盆之类的用具倒是由金银铸成。再则套在奴隶身上的链铐也是取材于金银。最后，因犯罪而成为可耻的人都戴着金耳环、金戒指、金项圈以及一顶金冠。乌托邦人就是这样用尽心力使金银成为可耻的标记。所以别的民族对于金银丧失，万分悲痛，好像扒出心肝一般；相反，在乌托邦，全部金银如有必要被拿走，没有人会感到损失一分钱。

乌托邦制度和别国制度如此不同，因而思想感情截然相反。在这方面，阿尼蒙利安人派来的外交使节们的例子，使我获得深刻理解。他们到达亚马乌罗提时，我正在那儿。因为他们有要事前来商谈，乌托邦每座城市已有三位代表事先在此聚齐。凡过去光临过的邻近各国使节都深悉乌托邦风俗，知道华服盛装不受重视，丝绸被看成贱品，黄金是可耻的标志。所以这些外交官来时总是穿得异常朴素。可是阿尼蒙利安人住得较远，和乌托邦人素少交往。他们因听说在乌托邦大家衣服一样，而且料子粗陋，便认定乌托邦所不用的东西也就是乌托邦人所没有的东西。他们是高傲有余而聪明不足的人，决心用豪华的装束把自己打扮成天神一般，叫穷酸的乌托邦人在这般宝光四射的装扮前眼花缭乱。

于是那三个使节堂堂皇皇地进入乌托邦，随从一百名，无不穿五颜六色的衣服，大部分用丝绸制成。三位使节本人在自己的国家是贵族，故穿的金锻，戴着重金项圈及金耳环，手上有金戒指。他们的帽子上饰有成串的珍珠及宝石。他们打扮自己的全部东西恰是在乌托邦用来处罚奴隶，污辱罪犯，以及给儿童开心的。当阿尼蒙利安人自鸣得意，把身上的华装和涌到街头看他们走过的乌托邦人的衣服相比时，那幅景象煞是可观。而注意一下，他们充满乐观的期望多么毫无根据，他们想为自己获得重视又多么毫不受重视，这也是同样有趣的。在所有乌托邦人眼中（除了少数因事出过国的以外），这种华丽的排场是丢脸的。因此他们把使节团体中最下等的仆从当做主人来敬礼，把使节本人当做奴隶，因为使节戴着金链，走过时受不到任何敬意。

乌托邦人认为奇怪的是，一个人可以仰视星辰乃至太阳，何至于竟喜欢小块珠宝的闪闪微光。他们认为奇怪的是，竟有人由于身上穿的是细线羊毛衣，就大发狂想，以为自己更加高贵；其实不管羊毛质地多么细，原来是披在羊身上的，一只羊终归还是羊。

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