A Study on Chinglish in Chinese-English Interpretation: Based on the 2015 Press Conference of Chinese Premier Li Keqiang in NPC and CPPCC sessions外文翻译资料

Chinglish in Chinese-English Translation

ABSTRACT

Chinglish is that miss happen, hybrid language that is neither English nor Chinese and that is described as ”English with Chinese characteristics” by Joan Pinkham. It is one of the major problems that affect adversely the quality of Chinese- English translation. Chinglish is not idiomatic English, reflects the influence of Chinese language and damages the communication, in order to reduce or avoid it and get a translation come nearer to a higher standard, namely, M faithfulness, smoothness and elegance, it is necessary for the translators to make a theoretical study of the nature and sources of Chinglish. And the main sources of Chinglish are listed, such as linguistic differences, cultural factors, thought patterns, ect. Chinglish easily steps forward in Chi- nese-English translation, which requires the translators not only to master Chinese and English, but also to be familiar with the language usage, thought patterns and life background of the people of English-speaking countries. It is also necessary to listen to English radio more and read more original English works, in order to avoid Chinglish gradually and produce idiomatic English translation.

KEY WORDS

Chinglish China English Chinese- English translation

I. Definition of Chinglish and China English

China English refers to the variety of English that is used to describe the phenomena unique to the political, economic, cultural and social fields in China, based upon Standard English or established by popular usage, and is intelligible and acceptable to educate native English speakers. For example, “kung fu” (功夫）， “four modernizations”（四个现代化）”ProjectHope”（希望 工程）, etc.

Actually, China English and Chinglish are related to each other and different from each other. Both of them, with Chinese characteristics, are used to express things peculiar to China. Li Wenzhong, however, points out that the former is normative English, while the latter is distorted language phenomenon. The author does not agree with him, in thinking that China English is not interfered by Chinese language and culture. It is known that China English is used by Chinese people to introduce things peculiar to China to the outside world, so it is impossible to avoid the influence of Chinese language, in light of language transfer in the foreign language acquisition.

II. Phenomenon of Chinglish in Chinese-English Translation

1. Chinglish in Publications

(I) In the media, there emerge a lot of new words with Chinese characteristics, for example ： when coming to the meeting, we will say 胜利召开 in Chinese or successfully convened in English which will make English speakers think that we have encountered many difficulties before we begin the meeting.

2. Chinglish in Daily Communications ：

Example such as:

我们家发生了巨大的变化.Our country has taken place great changes.

III. Characteristics of Chinglish

1. Bad Diction

Chinglish results from ignoring the differences between Chinese and English. Sometimes the translators may choose the wrong words, but more often the words they choose are not entirely wrong, but inappropriate, inexact, unidiomatic，or too stale to be interesting.

2. Superfluity

中国先进文化的发展方向the orientation of the development of China rsquo; s advanced culture

The first noun announces the category of the second. In this case, it tells readers that development falls into the category of orientation. That is something they already know. Accordingly, the second noun should be deleted： the orientation of China* s advanced culture. Whatever function the category noun serves in Chinese, it is generally useless in English.

3. Noun Plague

Plain English is a language based on verbs. It is simple, concise, vigorous and above all, clear. Chinglish is a language based on vague, general, abstract nouns. It is complicated, long-winded, ponderous, and obscure. (Pinhkam, 2000, p. 170) For instance,

反对奢侈的作风

A： opposing the practice of extravagance

B ： opposing extravagance

Chinglish abounds in sentences that rely chiefly on nouns to express their meaning. In this example, B s versions can impart motion of a sentence well enough and make the meaning clearer.

IV- Causes of Chinglish and Possible Solutions

1. Differences between Cultures

(Meeting a guest from England at the airport) Irsquo;m afraid you must have had a tiring journey. rsquo;rsquo;

The above sentence is culturally inappropriate. Example (I) originated from Chinese way of showing concern “您辛苦啦” .A Chinese guest will feel warm when he/she hears it. But an English guest may not feel the same way. Most likely he or she may feel unhappy as he or she thinks you are in doubt about his or her vigor. So on such an occasion, it is proper to say, “Did you have a pleasant trip?” or to ask, “How was the trip?”

2. Possible Solutions

(1) Teaching Strategy

To avoid Chinglish, first of all, it is the teachers* responsibility to let their students know that an English word and its correspondent Chinese term don11 always share the same semantic regis- ter. Keeping a good dictionary at hand seems to be a good remedy for the misuse of words. Secondly，English teachers should spare no efforts to adapt the students * minds into the English ways of thinking. Thirdly, Chinese students of English must be helped to learn about such aspects as： Chinese is a verb-abundant language while English is a preposition-and-noun oriented one； Chinese is, for the most part, a logically compact in its structure while English is syntactically compact in its structure； English verbs and nouns seldom repeat themselves in the same sentence. That^ s why conjunctions, pronouns and other substitutional or introductory words are more freq

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汉英翻译中的中式英语

摘要

中式英语是一种既不是英语也不是汉语的混合语言，它被平卡姆描述为“有着中文特点的英语”。它是目前影响汉英翻译质量的主要问题之一。中式英语并非地道的英语，它反映出中文的影响以及对交流产生的阻碍。为了减少或者避免这种现象并且让翻译上升一个标准，也就是到达“信、达、雅”的水平，对于译者来说对中式英语的本质和源头进行一个理论上的学习是十分必要的。中式英语的主要原因也被列出了，例如语言学差异，文化因素，思维方式等等。中式英语在汉英翻译中很容易出现，这就要求译员不仅精通中文和英语，并且对英语国家的语言运用方法、思维方式和生活背景非常了解。多听英文广播和多看英语原版作品对于逐渐避免中式英语出现并使用地道的英语表达也是非常必要的。

关键词

中式英语 中国英语 汉英翻译

一、中式英语和中国英语的定义

中国英语是指被用来描述中国政治、经济、文化和社会领域的独特现象的一系列英语表达。它以标准英语为基础或是根据习惯表达而来，对于教育英语为母语的人来说是可理解并且可以接受的。例如：“kung fu” (功夫）， “four modernizations”（四个现代化）”Project Hope”（希望 工程）等等。

实际上，中国英语和中式英语彼此联系又彼此区别。它们两者都有着中国特色，都表达中国独特的事物。然而，李文忠指出，中国英语是规范化的英语，而中式英语是一种被扭曲的语言现象。作者并不同意他的观点，作者认为中国英语并没有被中文和中国文化所干扰。众所周知中国英语是被中国人用来向世界介绍中国特有的事物的，所以就语言转换和外语习得方面，避免中文的影响是不可能的。

二、汉英翻译中的中式英语现象

1. 正式场合中的中式英语

（1）在媒体中，许多有着中国特色的新词涌现出来了，比如召开会议的时候，我们会用中文说“胜利召开”或者用英文说“successfully convened”，这会让英语国家的人认为我们在召开会议之前面临了许多困难。

2. 每日交流中的中式英语

例如：

我们家发生了巨大的变化.Our country has taken place great changes.

三、中式英语的特点

1. 措辞欠佳

中式英语的出现是因为中文和英文的不同点被忽视了。有时译员会选择错误的词语，但更多时候，他们选择的词并不是完全错误的，而是不合适，不准确，不地道，或者太陈旧了以至于了然无趣。

2. 繁琐

中国先进文化的发展方向the orientation of the development of Chinarsquo;s advanced culture

第一个名词涵盖了第二个名词的种类。在这种情况下，它告诉读者发展是在方向的类别下，而这一点是读者已经知晓的。因此，第二个名词应该被删去：the orientation of Chinarsquo; s advanced culture.

不管类别名词在中文中的作用是什么，在英文中它们一般都没有作用。

3. 名词冗余

简明英语是建立在动词上的语言，简单，简洁，有生气并且清楚。而中文是建立于模糊，笼统和抽象名词之上的语言，复杂，冗长，笨重且模糊（平卡姆，2000,170页）。例如，

反对奢侈的作风

A: opposing the practice of extravagance

B: opposing extravagance

中式英语的句子大多主要用名词来表达意思。在这个例子里，B的版本可以很好的表达出这个动作，也使得句子意思更加明了。

四、中式英语的原因和可行的解决方法

1. 文化差异

（在机场与来自英格兰的客人见面）“Irsquo;m afraid you must have had a tiring journey.

上面这个句子在文化上是不合适的。这个例子来源于中国的方式向客人表达“您辛苦啦”的含义，中国的客人听到后会觉得温暖，但英国客人不会这样觉得。很可能他会不开心因为他认为你在怀疑他的精力不好。所以在这样的场合下，合适的问法应该是“Did you have a pleasant trip?”或者“How was the trip?”

2. 可行的解决方法

（1）教学策略

为了避免中式英语，首先教师有责任让他们的学生知道一个英语单词和它相应的中文意思并不是总是语义上相符的。手边放一本好的词典是解决词语误用的好办法。第二，英语教师应该不遗余力的让学生适应英语的思考方式。第三，学习英语的中国学生应该学习以下方面，例如：中文是一个动词丰富的语言而英语是由介词和名词引导的；中文很大程度上在结构上是逻辑很紧密的，而英语在结构上是句法很紧密；英语中的动词和名词很少会在同一句话中重复，这就是为什么连词、介词等词语在英语中出现的比中文中多。

（2）解决冗余的方法

更常见的是，意思是基于限定词和一个名词，有许多方法可以简化重复的部分。这里我们应该只解决三个主要的现象，另外在特殊例子里面适用的第四点：

1）用一个代词代替表达

2）删去限定词

3）用概括性词代替表达

4）在特殊例子中，用首字母代替表达，例如：

我们在改革过程中没有遇到太多的困难，总的说来，改革 进行得很顺利。

A： We have not met with too many difficulties in the course of the reform and in general the reform is proceeding smoothly.

B： We have not met with too many difficulties in the course of the reform and in general it is proceeding smoothly.

从例子中我们看出reform这个词在原文中出现了两次，在第二个版本中它只出现了一次，另外一个被代替了。在这种情况下重复的成分被避免了，连贯性也得到了加强。

五、总结

总而言之，中式英语指学习英语的中国人不能完全掌握正规英语的用法。当中国人使用英语时，他们倾向于按照中国的语法规则、句子形式和思维模式来表达自己的思想。作为一个中介语，中式英语有着自己的特色并且对于中国的英语学习者来说是不可避免的问题。在这篇论文中，作者首先回顾了学者和专家所做的研究，之后区别了一些重要但容易混淆的概念，如中国英语和中式英语，中式英语和英语变体。在之后的部分里，作者列举出了中式英语的特点并给出了一些例子。最终要的是在最后一个部分，作者给出了解决这一问题的可行方案。

参考文献

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Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 1998

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6. 杜瑞清，姜亚军bull;近二十年“中国英语”研究述评[J].外语 教学与研究，2001 (〗），11-13

7. 王弄笙.汉英翻译中的ChingHsh [ J].中国翻译，2000 (2), 24-28

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